Femoral neck fractures are intra-capsular fractures of the proximal femur, at the neck of the femur between the trochanteric line and head of the femur. They are associated with avascular necrosis of the head of the femur, impaired healing and…
Overview Operative management of fractures is used to achieve anatomic alignment, stable flixation, and allow early mobilization. It can be considred in fractures that are unstable, displaced, intra-articular, open, or associated with polytrauma, neurovacular compromised and failed conservative treatment. Reduction…
Pelvic Ring Fractures Pelvic ring fractures commonly occur in young individuals due to high-energy mechanisms, whereas those in the elderly population are caused by low-energy mechanisms (e.g. fall from ground level). The most common cause of death from a pelvic…
Chronic Shoulder Instability and Dislocation Dislocations make the shoulder joint prone to further episodes. Repeated episodes can lead to chronic shoulder instability where the laxity of the shoulder joint causes the head of the humerus to not remain consistently in…
Rotator Cuff Injury The rotator cuff is a group of 4 muscles and their tendons that form a cuff which stabilises the humerus within the glenoid cavity. They provide dynamic stability and strength to the shoulder joint. Rotator cuff injuries…
Anatomy The ankle mortise is comprised of the socket (distal ends of the tibia and fibula) and the tenon (upward projecting talus). It is a hinge joint that is supported by a fibrous capsule, 3 bands of lateral ligaments and…
Tibia Plafond (Pilon) Fracture Tibia plafond fracture is a severe fracture involving the distal end of the tibia. This fracture is usually comminuted with intra-articular extension and significant soft-tissue injury. Surgery is usually delayed for unstable fractures to allow soft-tissue…
Osteotomy Osteotomy involves cutting the bone and realining its fragments. This corrects length, alignment and rotation for improved joint mechanics. Arthrodesis Arthrodesis involves removing all the articular cartilage of a joint and fusing the bones. This relieves pain while completely…
Osteoarthirtis Osteoarthritis is a chronic, progressive, non-inflammatory degenerative joint disease. It is associated with aging (primary osteoarthritis) though other arthropathies and weight can predispose to osteoarthritis (secondary osteoarthritis). There is loss of articular cartilage with bone remodelling, osteophyte formation, ligamentous…
Anatomy of the spine The spine consists of 33 vertebrae divided into 5 sections. There are 7 cervical vertebrae (in lordotic alignment), 12 thoracic rib-bearing vertebrae (in kyphotic alignment) and 5 lumbar vertebrae (in lordotic alignment). These upper 24 are…