The ZAHARA score or CARPREG score can be used to assess the risk of adverse cardiac events during pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease. Pregnancy is contraindicated with Class IV congenital heart disease. Modified WHO classification of CHD in pregnancy…
Rheumatic heart disease is a common cause of acquired heart disease in pregnancy. Causes of acquired heart disease in pregnancy Cause Comment Mitral stenosis This is the most common structural heart defect Aortic stenosis This commonly occurs due to a bicuspid…
Pregestational diabetes is type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes that exists before pregnancy. The most common form is type 2 diabetes. Classification of pregestational (overt) diabetes Class Key Feature B Diabetes begins after age 20 and has been present < 10 years. No…
Gestational diabetes mellitus is glucose intolerance that is first recognised during pregnancy. Screening for gestational diabetes is performed at 24 – 28 weeks. Classification of gestational diabetes Class Description A1 Controlled with diet and lifestyle measures A2 Requires pharmacologic treatment Positive…
A 40-year-old male presents after being struck on the back of his wrist by a heavy metal object at work. He has localised pain on the radial side of his wrist, limited wrist movement and swelling.
OB/GYN differentials for chronic pelvic pain Urologic differentials for chronic pelvic pain Gastrointestinal differentials for chronic pelvic pain Musculoskeletal differentials for chronic pelvic pain Neurologic differentials for chronic pelvic pain Other differentials for chronic pelvic pain
An arcuate uterus occurs when the septal dimple on the cranial uterus persists: the septal dimple is a small remnant of the septum. It is an incidental finding on MRI and is associated with no obstetric complications.
A septate uterus occurs when the membranous uterine septum, which separates the two Müllerian ducts, persists.Like a bicornuate uterus, it can be partial or complete. The difference from a didelphys uterus or a bicornuate uterus is that it has a normal fundal…
A bicornuate uterus occurs when the two Müllerian ducts partially unite. It is the most common uterine anomaly and presents with recurrent preterm delivery or malpresentation. MRI helps evaluate the fundal contour to distinguish a bicornuate uterus from a septate uterus. Types of bicornuate uterus Type…
A didelphys uterus occurs when the two Müllerian ducts fail to fuse. This results in two single-horned uteri and two vaginas separated by a thin wall. There may or may not be a double cervix (since fusion occurs caudally going cranially). The most common presentation is recurrent preterm…
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