Contraceptive Injections

Contraceptive injections are a progesterone-only method. Injectable progestins are 99% effective at preventing pregnancy. Injectable progestin Description Depot-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA, Depo-Provera) This is the most common preparation of injectable progestin. It is administered every 90 days (3 months) via intramuscular route. Adverse effects…

Contraceptive Patches

Contraceptive patches are analogous to combined oral contraceptives and have a similar adverse effect and contraindications. Patch Description Norelgestromin/Ethinyl estradiol (Ortho Evra Patch): Applied for three weeks then taken off

Barrier Contraception

Barrier methods of contraception prevent the sperm from reaching the egg and provide additional protection from sexually transmitted infections. Male condoms are 98% effective when used correctly, while female condoms are 95% effective when used correctly

Emergency Contraception

Emergency contraception is a post-coital method of preventing pregnancy. These methods prevent ovulation, fertilisation, and/or implantation. They do not alter the embryo after implantation. Emergency contraceptive Description Pregnancy rate if taken within 120 hours Levonorgestrel (LNG) Progesterone-only emergency contraception (POEC).…

Fertility Awareness-Based Contraception

Natural contraception Category Examples Rhytm Temperature method, cervical mucus method, calendar method, symptothermal method Others Coitus interruptus, Lactational Amenorrhoea Temperature Method The basal body temperature rises by 0.2 – 0.4 C following ovulation, because of progesterone secretion from the corpus…

Cervical Cysts

Cervical cysts may be observed unless they are symptomatic or interfere with pap smear testing. Benign lesion Description Nabothian cyst Clear to yellow-white elevations of the endocervix or proximal ectocervix. It contains mucus and is no more than 1 cm in diameter.…

Sepsis and Septic Shock

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by a dysregulated immune response to pathogens or their toxins in blood or tissue. The organisms can be bacteria, viruses or fungi, while toxins may include endotoxin (LPS) or exotoxins. Sepsis may range from mild…

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

Female genital mutilation refers to all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs, for non-medical reasons. It is recognised internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women.…