Unicornuate uterus occurs when one Mullerian duct fails to form, which can lead to a rudimentary horn – a communicating or non-communicating, and cavitary or non-cavitary uterus-like structure.

Mullerian hypoplasia, AKA Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome, occurs when both Mullerian ducts fail to form. Complete failure to form is known as Mullerian agenesis, while partial development is known as Mullerian hypoplasia. It presents as primary amenorrhoea since the proximal vagina, cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes are absent. Mullerian…

Congenital anomalies of the uterus occur when the Müllerian ducts fail to form, fail to fuse, or the septum fails to dissolve completely. These abnormalities are characterised by recurrent preterm labour and delivery. More severe abnormalities can manifest earlier in adolescence. 5 – 6%…

Stress urinary incontinence is characterised by involuntary leakage of urine when intra-abdominal pressure increases, due to weak pelvic floor muscles.

Urge urinary incontinence is characterised by involuntary urine leakage, which is preceded by a perceived, strong, imminent need to urinate. It differs from Overactive bladder (OAB), which is an umbrella term for increased urinary urgency, with or without incontinence. Overactive bladder affects men…

Overflow urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine from an overdistended bladder due to detrusor insufficiency (bladder hypotonia), detrusor areflexia (neurogenic bladder), or an obstructed bladder outlet.

Bypass urinary incontinence occurs when urine leaks after avoiding the normal continence mechanisms. It is usually due to fistulas, which become apparent between 1 and 2 weeks after the inciting event. The risk for developing fistulas following surgery is higher in women…

Mixed urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine due to a combination of stress urinary incontinence and urge urinary incontinence. The treatment focuses on the most dominant symptom.

Functional urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine due to environmental or physical barriers to toileting. This type of incontinence is sometimes referred to as toileting difficulty. The underlying causes should be addressed and alleviated if possible.

Dysmenorrhoea is defined as pain on menstruation, usually to the point where it is debilitating. It is the most common cause of cyclical pelvic pain in patients of childbearing age. It comes and goes in predictable intervals, which may be known or unknown…