Cervical stenosis is the narrowing or obliteration of the cervical canal. It may be congenital or acquired. Mild cervical stenosis is usually asymptomatic. The inability to pass a 1 – 2 mm probe into the uterine cavity is diagnostic for cervical stenosis.
Candida albicans commonly causes vaginal candidiasis, but other Candida species may also cause it. It is not sexually transmitted, but its risk increases with sexual contact.
Bacterial vaginosis is the most common lower genital tract infection in women of reproductive age. It is caused by Gardnerella vaginalis. Amsel criteria: At least 3 of the following 4 findings are needed to confirm the diagnosis. The exact mechanism is unknown, but it…
Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. Most cases are asymptomatic. The protozoa have a predilection for epithelial cells. Men can carry the protozoa but are not affected by them. It is the most prevalent non-viral STI. It…
Vaginal foreign bodies are commonly seen in children. The most common objects are toilet tissue, tampons, and sexual devices. Sexual abuse should be ruled out, particularly in paediatric patients who present with vaginal bleeding.
A Gartner’s duct cyst forms when the Wolffian duct does not fully involute. It is usually asymptomatic, commonly being discovered incidentally on a transvaginal ultrasound. It is located on the anterolateral wall of the proximal vagina. Other cystic anomalies in the female…
Atrophic vaginitis is the thinning of the vaginal epithelium due to decreased oestrogen levels. It is very common in post-menopausal women. It can also occur in functionally post-menopausal women, i.e., following a bilateral salpingo-ophorectomy.
Types of vaginal septa Septum Description Transverse vaginal septum This is due to incomplete fusion of the mullerian duct and urogenital sinus. It presents as primary amenorrhea (”cryptomenorrhea”) due to uterine outflow obstruction – cyclical lower abdominal pain, amenorrhea, central pelvic mass…
Bartholin gland carcinoma is a rare type of adenocarcinoma.
A bartholin gland cyst forms when the bartholin duct is obstructed. It is associated with chronic inflammation of the duct, which leads to cystic dilation. The bartholin’s glands are paired sets of glands found roughly at the 4 and 8 o’clock…