Atelectasis is the partial or complete collapse of a lung due to deflation of air in the alveoli. Types of atelectasis Type Description Obstructive atelectasis Due to blockage within the airways. It is also known as absorptive atelectasis. Non-obstructive atelectasis Due to pressure…
Uterotonics stimulate uterine contractions, compress uterine blood vessels, and reduce postpartum bleeding. They are the first-line treatment for uterine atony. Uterotonics Oxytocin Carbetocin Ergometrine Dinoprost Carboprost Misoprostol Uses Augmentation of labour and PPH Prevention of PPH PPH Severe PPH Severe PPH Mechanism…
Uterine atony is the absence of adequate uterine tone after delivery. Blood vessels in the endometrium and myometrium are insufficiently compressed, leading to haemorrhage. Uterine compression sutures Suture type Advantage Consideration B-lynch suture A single continuous suture that exerts even pressure. It…
Retained products of conception (RPOCs) are a common cause of both early and late postpartum haemorrhage.
Uterine inversion is the inside-out collapse of the uterine fundus through the endometrial cavity. The fundus may protrude through the cervix and into the vagina. Grades of uterine inversion Degree Description First-degree inversion The fundus inverted up to the cervix Second-degree inversion…
Mittelschmerz is German for “Middle pain”. It is classically a one-sided lower abdominal pain coinciding with ovulation. Abdominal pain may last for minutes up to 48 hours. It may be due to peritoneal irritation caused by free fluid when the follicle ruptures. It…
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop within the ovaries. They can be simple or complex, functional or pathological, or benign or malignant. Ovarian cysts are very common; many are asymptomatic. Ovarian cysts Cyst Description Follicular cyst A follicular cyst forms when the follicle…
Primary ovarian neoplasms are tumours that arise from the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or peritoneum. Malignant ovarian tumours are one of the deadliest cancers because they present with vague symptoms and are often diagnosed late. Classification of ovarian tumours Category Description…
Cervical polyps are sessile or pedunculated masses that are often found incidentally during a cervical exam. They are asymptomatic and almost always benign. They can be removed since their presence can “mask” other serious causes of vaginal bleeding.
Cervical fibroids are tumours (leiomyomas) which are found in the cervix. Their symptoms depend on their size, and they can be confused with cervical cancer.