Hypertensive heart disease is characterized by concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle and ischaemic changes, in the absence of any other conditions that cause left ventricular hypertrophy, e.g., aortic stenosis or cardiomyopathy.
Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are structural abnormalities of the heart and intrathoracic great vessels that arise during fetal development. CHDs are the most common congenital disorders, and the most common cause of death in children with congenital malformations. They occur…
Hirschsprung’s disease is a congenital disorder characterised by the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in the Meissner and Auerbach plexus of a segment of the distal colon. This is thought to be due to the failure of neural crest cell…
An imperforate anus is a congenital condition where the normal anal opening is absent. It is often associated with abnormal pelvic muscles, sphincters, and innervation. It may include fistulas opening into the vaginal vault or perineum, colourethral fistulas, or a…
Oesophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula are congenital anomalies, occurring during the 4th week of gestation due to failure of foregut separation into trachea and oesophagus. An oesophageal atresia is a blind-ending oesophagus, while a tracheoesophageal fistula is an abnormal connection…