Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)
Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are structural abnormalities of the heart and intrathoracic great vessels that arise during fetal development. CHDs are the most common congenital disorders, and the most common cause of death in children with congenital malformations. They occur…
Hirschsprung’s disease
Hirschsprung’s disease is a congenital disorder characterised by the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in the Meissner and Auerbach plexus of a segment of the distal colon. This is thought to be due to the failure of neural crest cell…
Anorectal Malformations (Imperforate Anus)
An imperforate anus is a congenital condition where the normal anal opening is absent. It is often associated with abnormal pelvic muscles, sphincters, and innervation. It may include fistulas opening into the vaginal vault or perineum, colourethral fistulas, or a…
Oesophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Oesophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula are congenital anomalies, occurring during the 4th week of gestation due to failure of foregut separation into trachea and oesophagus. An oesophageal atresia is a blind-ending oesophagus, while a tracheoesophageal fistula is an abnormal connection…
Orthopaedic Surgery Mock Exam 4
TOTW #76 – Gross Anatomy
A 17-year-old with laboratory abnormalities and acute kidney injury following induction of chemotherapy
A 17-year-old male with newly diagnosed Burkitt lymphoma is admitted for induction chemotherapy. Two days after starting treatment, he develops nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, and confusion. Vitals show tachycardia and mild hypotension. His laboratory results: K⁺ 6.2 mmol/L, phosphate 2.3…
Neonates born to mothers with gonorrhoea or chlamydia
Neisseria gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis can be acquired when neonates pass through the birth canal.
Neonates born to mothers with Hepatitis B
All mothers should be screened for HBsAg as part of routine antenatal care. 95% of HBV transmissions occur during delivery. Hepatitis B is not a contraindication to breastfeeding.