Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is characterized by reduced stroke volume and a reduced ejection fraction (LVEF ≤ 35-40%). The heart can relax, but it cannot contract because the muscles have lost their “strength”. The treatment goals in…

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is characterised by reduced stroke volume, normal or reduced end-diastolic volume, and preserved ejection fraction (left ventricular ejection fraction 50 – 70%). The heart has lost its ability to fill properly.

Secondary hypertension is hypertension with an identifiable cause. It is usually refractory to medical treatment. It is more frequent in young patients (< 30 years old) and older patients (> 65 years old) who first present with hypertension. Summary of…

Hypertensive emergency, also known as symptomatic essential hypertension, is defined as hypertension with organ-specific symptoms. The blood pressure is usually >180/110 mmHg. It is characterised by hypertension (x1) with neurological, cardiac, or renal symptoms. Definition of terms Term Definition Malignant…

Essential hypertension is characterised by 3 abnormal readings and no symptoms of any underlying cause. Essential hypertension is 20 times more common than secondary hypertension. Blood Pressure Cutoffs Blood Pressure Cutoff Population BP > 130/90 (x3) Cutoff for patients with…

Hypertensive heart disease is characterized by concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle and ischaemic changes, in the absence of any other conditions that cause left ventricular hypertrophy, e.g., aortic stenosis or cardiomyopathy.