Overview Asthma is an acute or sub-acute inflammation of the airways, precipitated by a variety of factors that result in bronchial hyperactivity and airway obstruction. The cause is idiopathic. Varies in degrees of severity and chronicity. Mild attacks may linger…
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR) Laryngopharyngeal refulx (LPR), also known as the silent reflux (no belching or vomiting), is the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the larynx and pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx). The effect of gastric acid on the larynx…
Epiglottitis is an acute inflammation of the supraglottic region of the oropharynx. It affects the epiglottis, vellecula, arytenoids, and aryepiglottic folds. It is the most deadly upper airway condition and is a true paediatric emergency. Differences between Epiglottitis and Laryngotracheobronchitis…
Overview Cervical screening is one of the cornerstones of gynaecological visits. Every woman attending a clinical visit should have their records assessed to ensure they are up to date on their cervical screening. HPV DNA testing is not recommended before…
Overview An autopsy is the scientific examination of a dead person through dissection of the body for medical, legal, and/or scientific purposes. It is derived from the Greek word ‘autopsia’ meaning to see for oneself. The root Auto stands for…
Anatomy The thyroid is a bi-lobed shield-shaped organ located anteriorly in the neck that is responsible for the production of thyroid hormones and calcitonin. It has a right and left lobe connected by the isthmus. Each lobe has a superior…
Small Bowel Obstruciton Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract at the level of the small intestine. It is a common surgical condition. It is mostly caused by mechanical obstruction of the bowel (intraluminal or extraluminal). Aetiology…
Overview CNS infections carry a high mortality if untreated or improperly treated. It is important to recognize and treat differently neonates, young people, adults, old people, and immunocompromised since different organisms affect these different populations. Infections of the CNS include:…
Condition Description Erysipelas Superficial infection of the upper layers of the dermis. Raised sharply demarcated edges, rapid spread and onset, and fever early in course. Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Cellulitis Infection that involves the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Non-purulent…
Overview Neck trauma includes both blunt and penetrating trauma. The airway is a major concern in neck trauma. Patients who present with hypoxia, stridor, neck distortions, or hematoma should be intubated immediately. Blunt trauma is primarily managed based on symptoms…
