Adnexal torsion occurs when the ovary, fallopian tube, or a paraovarian mass twists around itself. It is an emergency that is characterised by vascular congestion, tissue oedema, and necrosis.

Abnormal uterine bleeding is defined as menstrual blood loss (MBL) that interferes with physical, social, and mental quality of life, irrespective of the regularity, frequency, or duration (NICE) Non-menstrual bleeding (postcoital, intermenstrual or post-menopausal bleeding) always warrants further investigation and early referral to…

Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menses for at least 12 months, following the loss of ovarian activity. Symptoms of menopause are due to low oestrogen levels, and these are mainly psychological symptoms, vasomotor symptoms and urogenital symptoms. Urogenital symptoms worsen with age, while vasomotor…

Instrumental Delivery Instrumental delivery, AKA operative vaginal delivery, refers to the use of suction cups or forceps to assist vaginal delivery in the second stage of labour. The procedure is carried out by an experienced obstetrician with facilities for caesarean…

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum (mainly in Africa) and Plasmodium vivax (mainly in Asia). Pregnant women are more susceptible to malaria due to immunologic changes and placental sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Primigravidas have a higher prevalence of placental malaria, especially in areas with stable transmission, i.e. endemic regions. Population…