Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in the world. Intoxication is usually an incidental finding on a urine toxicology screen. The main active ingredient in cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which acts on cannabinoid receptors in the brain. Cannabinoid…
Opioids bind to opiate receptors (mu, kappa, and delta), which are involved in analgesia, sedation, and dependence. They are commonly administered intravenously (appear as needle marks forming a track on physical exam) or inhaled (increasingly smoked with cannabis nowadays). Most…
Hallucinogens Hallucinogens work through various mechanisms. They have no addiction profile and no withdrawal syndromes, though patients taking LSD may experience “flashbacks” (recurrent intoxication) later in life. Their tolerance is very low. Examples include: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Mescaline (Peyote…
Alcoholism Alcohol is the most significant, most commonly used, and most commonly abused drug. Intoxication is measured with blood alcohol concentration (BAC). It is a depressant (contrary to popular belief that it is a stimulant, as it can ultimately cause…
Postpartum Depression Postpartum depression affects 13% of mothers in the first year postpartum. The mother usually feels unworthy to raise their children. It can have moderate to severe symptoms, with a protracted course. Women with postpartum depression usually have risk…
Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurrent mood disturbance mixed with mania/hypomania + depression. Thought to be a bridge between unipolar depression and Schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The genetic link in Bipolar disorder is stronger than that of Unipolar depression,…
Major Depressive Disorder (Unipolar Depression) Depression is a very common condition associated with significant dysfunction. It is usually underdiagnosed and often chronic or recurrent. It commonly presents in patients with other general medical conditions. Multiple safe and effective treatment options…
Overview Psychotherapy is the use of communication and language to help patients understand their thoughts, feelings, and actions to bring about positive change. It is based on the communication between a therapist (psychologist or psychiatrist) and a patient. Historical Psychotherapies…
Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who pioneered psychoanalysis. His major works include: Studies on Hysteria, Interpretation of Dreams, Three Essays on the Theory of sexuality, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, and Moses and Monotheism. Freud’s…
