Overview Dacyrocystitis is an inflammation of the lacrimal sac usually as a result of obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. It is the most frequent disorder affecting the lower lacrimal system and usually occurs unilaterally. It may present acutely or chronically…
Overview Dacryoadenitis is the inflammation of the lacrimal glands. It may present acutely or chronically. It may occur unilaterally or bilaterally and there are multiple causes which can be broadly classified into: It occurs commonly in children and young adults…
High-Risk Pregnancies A high-risk pregnancy is a pregnancy in which the mother, fetus, or**, newborn is or will be at an increased risk of morbidity or mortality**, happening before, during, or after delivery. They can lead to serious maternal, obstetric,…
Anaemia in pregnancy is a reduction in haemoglobin concentration below the normal level for pregnancy. WHO/FIGO defines it as Hb < 11 g/dL in any trimester of pregnancy, and a hematocrit level lower than 0.33/L (33%) Screening is done at booking and at…
Overview NYHA functional classification of heart failure (Symptoms = fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea) NYHA Class Symptoms at rest Symptoms during activity I No No II No Mild III No Severe IV Yes Severe Maternal mortality risk Risk for maternal mortality Conditions…
Pregnancy is a hypercoagulable state with an increased risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). All clotting factors increase during pregnancy, apart from factor XI and XIII. Stasis in the lower limb vessels also increases due to compression of the iliac veins by the gravid…
Postpartum fever is defined as: The most common cause of postpartum fever is endometritis. Postpartum fever occurs in approximately 5-7% of births
Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is defined as blood loss associated with signs and symptoms of hypovolemia, regardless of the mode of delivery. Historically, it was defined as: It is an obstetric emergency. A mother can rapidly exsanguinate from PPH since blood flow…
Post-partum Care ‘Postpartum’ is a general term for the period of time following childbirth. It starts one hour after the delivery of the placenta. The “postpartum” period can be divided into the following 4 stages: Common postpartum responses Postpartum response Description…
Pelvic Floor Fistula (Overview) Pelvic floor fistulas are abnormal connections between two epithelialized surfaces within the pelvis. There are mainly two types, rectrovaginal fistula (RVF) and vesicovaginal fistula (VVF). Surgery is the primary treatment for fistula. Despite successful closure of…