Retinal detachment is the separation of the retina from the retinal pigment epithelium. It is one of the most commonly encountered ophthalmologic emergencies (along with occlusion of the retinal artery, endophthalmitis, and trauma). Retinal detachment has a good prognosis provided…
Overview Macular degeneration is the most common cause of permanent visual loss in the elderly. It is AKA age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It is a chronic condition that leads to progressive ventral visual loss. The macula is essential for central…
Overview Hypertensive Retinopathy is a disease of the retinal and choroidal vasculature due to severe acute or chronic hypertension. Chronic hypertensive retinopathy is more common and is predominantly seen in older patients. Disease Process Cause Patients Acute hypertensive retinopathy Sudden,…
Overview Diabetic retinopathy is the breakdown of retinal vasculature due to persistent hyperglycemia. It usually occurs in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. All patients with a new diagnosis of T2DM should be referred to an ophthalmologist for baseline evaluation. The…
Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited retinal disorder. Visual loss usually begins in childhood. It involves the loss of photoreceptors (rods and cones) by apoptosis. Rod death precedes cone death. Night and peripheral vision are lost progressively. It results in a…
Overview Dacyrocystitis is an inflammation of the lacrimal sac usually as a result of obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. It is the most frequent disorder affecting the lower lacrimal system and usually occurs unilaterally. It may present acutely or chronically…
Overview Dacryoadenitis is the inflammation of the lacrimal glands. It may present acutely or chronically. It may occur unilaterally or bilaterally and there are multiple causes which can be broadly classified into: It occurs commonly in children and young adults…
High-Risk Pregnancies A high-risk pregnancy is a pregnancy in which the mother, fetus, or**, newborn is or will be at an increased risk of morbidity or mortality**, happening before, during, or after delivery. They can lead to serious maternal, obstetric,…
Anaemia in pregnancy is a reduction in haemoglobin concentration below the normal level for pregnancy. WHO/FIGO defines it as Hb < 11 g/dL in any trimester of pregnancy, and a hematocrit level lower than 0.33/L (33%) Screening is done at booking and at…
Overview NYHA functional classification of heart failure (Symptoms = fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea) NYHA Class Symptoms at rest Symptoms during activity I No No II No Mild III No Severe IV Yes Severe Maternal mortality risk Risk for maternal mortality Conditions…
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