Intertrochanteric Fracture Intertrochanteric fractures are extracapsular fractures of the proximal femur that occur between the greater and lesser trochanter. There is an area of low bone mineral density known as the ward triangle bordered by the primary compressive trabeculae, principal…
Femoral Head Fracture Femoral head fractures are rare injuries that are usually associated with hip dislocation (10%). In posterior dislocation the femoral head hits the posterior rim of the acetabulum and fractures. On the other hand, anterior dislocation causes impaction…
Clavicle Fracture The clavicle is a long, curved bone that forms part of the shoulder girdle. It has a sternal end (rounded) and an acromial end (flat). Fractures commonly occur in the middle third of the clavicle, which is the…
Proximal Humerus Fracture The most common fracture pattern of the proximal humerus is a transverse fracture. Most fractures are non-displaced and are treated non-operatively. It has a bimodal distribution. 70% of cases occur in women. It is the 3rd most…
Anatomy of the Knee Joint The knee is a modified hinge joint that articulates the femur to the patella and tibia. It is ‘modified’ because it allows for some degree of internal and external rotation, in addition to flexion and…
Motor Neuron Disease (MND) Motor Neuron Diseases (MNDs) are neurodegenerative diseases characterised by progressive selective loss of upper motor neurons (motor cortex and cranial nerve nuclei) and lower motor neurons (anterior horn cells). The diseases are purely motor with sensation…
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a heterogeneous group of conditions characterised by immune-mediated destruction of peripheral nerves (cranial nerves can be involved as well). Acute paralysis and diminished tendon reflexes are hallmarks of the condition. GBS is a…
Parkinson Disease Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that results in abnormalities in movement, autonomic function and cognition. It is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, a nucleus that is involved in the…
