Hypertrophic rhinitis is characterized by thickening of the nasal mucosa, submucosa, seromucinous glands, periostium, and bones. The changes are more marked on the turbinates.

Chronic sinusitis is caused by untreated or inadequately treated acute (<4 weeks) or subacute (4 – 12 weeks) rhinosinusitis. It is considered if inflammation lasts for more than 12 weeks (3 months).

Acute sinusitis is inflammation of the sinus cavities of the skull. Inflammation blocks the sinuses, resulting in fluid build-up and pressure. Criteria for the diagnosis of acute sinusitis in adults Criteria for the diagnosis of acute sinusitis in children Etiology Features…

Allergic rhinitis is a type I hypersensitivity reaction characterized by sneezing, nasal congestion, clear rhinorrhoea, pruritus, and postnasal drip. It is associated with asthma, conjunctivitis, and atopic dermatitis (unified airway concept). It peaks in adolescence and young adulthood, and affects women more than…

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is an abnormal sense of motion that is triggered by changes in head position. It is caused by deposits of calcium carbonate in the cupola of the posterior semicircular canal. It is the most common cause of peripheral vertigo.…

A perilymphatic fistula is a connection between the inner and middle ear cavity (or mastoid cavity). This connection reduces inner ear fluid volume, disrupts normal pressure gradients, leading to progressive hearing loss and vertigo

Meniere’s disease is caused by a unilateral, intermittent increase in endolymphatic volume, which results in unequal and abnormal vestibular function. It is characterized by recurrent, peripheral vertigo, which is associated with constant tinnitus and fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss. It is more common in older…

Labyrinthine concussion is a post-traumatic dysfunction of the inner ear without fracture of the labyrinth. It is characterized by an acute, peripheral vertigo.

Vestibular neuronitis, also known as vestibular neuritis, is the acute inflammation of the vestibular nerve. It leads to a sudden onset, severe (peripheral) vertigo, and is commonly associated with a URTI. It peaks between 40 and 50 years of age.