Chronic tonsillitis is chronic inflammation of the tonsils for more than two weeks. Classification of chronic tonsillitis Classification Description Chronic follicular tonsillitis The tonsillar crypts are full of purulent material, which shows on the surface as yellowish spots. Chronic parenchymatous tonsillitis…

Chronic rhinitis is characterised by hyperaemia and oedema of the nasal mucosa, with hypertrophy of the seromucinous glands and increase ingoblet cells. Blood sinusoids – particularly those over the turbinates – are distended.

Hypertrophic rhinitis is characterized by thickening of the nasal mucosa, submucosa, seromucinous glands, periostium, and bones. The changes are more marked on the turbinates.

Chronic sinusitis is caused by untreated or inadequately treated acute (<4 weeks) or subacute (4 – 12 weeks) rhinosinusitis. It is considered if inflammation lasts for more than 12 weeks (3 months).

Acute sinusitis is inflammation of the sinus cavities of the skull. Inflammation blocks the sinuses, resulting in fluid build-up and pressure. Criteria for the diagnosis of acute sinusitis in adults Criteria for the diagnosis of acute sinusitis in children Etiology Features…

Allergic rhinitis is a type I hypersensitivity reaction characterized by sneezing, nasal congestion, clear rhinorrhoea, pruritus, and postnasal drip. It is associated with asthma, conjunctivitis, and atopic dermatitis (unified airway concept). It peaks in adolescence and young adulthood, and affects women more than…

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is an abnormal sense of motion that is triggered by changes in head position. It is caused by deposits of calcium carbonate in the cupola of the posterior semicircular canal. It is the most common cause of peripheral vertigo.…

A perilymphatic fistula is a connection between the inner and middle ear cavity (or mastoid cavity). This connection reduces inner ear fluid volume, disrupts normal pressure gradients, leading to progressive hearing loss and vertigo