Overview Neonatal jaundice refers to yellowness of the skin and mucous membranes due to elevated bilirubin within the first 28 days of life. Ill-appearing babies with jaundice are more likely to have infections or metabolic disorders. Well-appearing babies are more…
Differentials for respiratory distress in neonates Classification Differentials Nota bene CNS Intracranial hemorrhage, over sedation, perinatal asphyxia Presents with slow, irregular breathing with apnoeic attacks, poor reflexes, and disturbed consciousness Pulmonary causes Lung Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, congenital pneumonia, pulmonary…
When is the baby ready for feeding? Feeding should ideally be started within 6 hours after birth. If the mother is planning on breastfeeding, the baby should be put to the breast within 30 minutes of birth if possible. Babies…
Risk factors for Birth Injuries Soft-tissue injuries of the head Cephalohematoma Collection of blood between the periosteum and skull bone (thus hematoma is imited by the suture lines. Commonly seen in the occipital bone and 5-20% of infants have an…
Overview The nursery exam is done in the nursery or NICU within 24 hours of birth to identify any abnormalities or anomalies that may impact the infant’s current or future well-being. The presence of one or two isolated anomalies is…
Neonatal Biodata Maternal and Paternal Medical and Genetic History Maternal Obstetric and Antenatal History Antepartum and Intrapartum History Birth and Immediate Neonatal History Presenting Complaints History of Presenting Complaint Jaundice History (OPDEC) Neonatal Milestones Nutrition History Immunisation History Growth and…
Choanal atresia is a congenital defect that is characterized by the occlusion of the openings that connect the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx (choanae). The occlusion can be soft tissue, bone, or both (90% bony, 10% membranous, and 5% mixed). It is…
Laryngeal cancer is the second most common head and neck cancer. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) It peaks between 40 and 70 years of age. The 5-year survival rate is 65%. Regions of the larynx Site…
Pharyngitis is an infection and inflammation of the pharynx. Modified Centor Criteria CENTOR Component C Cough absent E Exudate (pharyngeal) N Nodes (tender, cervical) T Temperature (fever) OR Young OR Old. Ages 3-14 (+1), 15-44 (0), ≥ 45 (-1) Score Likelihood…
Epistaxis is bleeding from inside the nose. It is a common ENT emergency, affecting all age groups. Almost 90% of the population will have an episode of epistaxis. Plexuses involved in epistaxis Plexus Description Kiesselbach’s plexus Formed by 4 vessels (anterior…