General principles of head injury Scalp The Scalp is very vascular and bleeds a lot (messy, but rarely causes shock). The patient’s Hx is very important in making the differentials for a head injury. Monroe-Kellie Doctrine The Monroe-Kellie Doctrine states…
Chronic otitis media is a long-standing infection of the middle ear (> 6 weeks), which is characterized by ear discharge and permanent perforation. The incidence of chronic otitis media is high in developing countries. It affects all age groups and…
Otitis media with effusion, also known as serous otitis media, is characterized by the accumulation of non-purulent effusion in the middle ear cleft, behind an intact tympanic membrane, without signs and symptoms of acute infection. If it persists for more…
Acute otitis media, also known as acute suppurative otitis media, is an acute infection of the middle ear canal. It is defined as the first 3 weeks of a process in which the middle ear shows signs and symptoms of…
Overview Open fractures are common and have a high potential for morbidity and mortality. They are commonly associated with infection, osteomyelitis, compartment syndrome, and amputation. The tibia is the most commonly involved bone. Classification of Open Fractures The Gustilo-Anderson classification…
Fracture Healing The type of fracture healing is determined by movement around the fracture site. Movement around the fracture site and healing Degree of movement Consequence Absolute stability and compression Primary healing Relative stability Secondary healing Excessive movement Delayed or…
Nomenclature Suffix AKA Description Features -tropia Manifest deviation Binocular vision cannot be obtained. These patients have persistent symptoms. Persistent symptoms -phoria Latent deviation Binocular gaze may be obtained when both eyes are open and fixating, but when the strabismus eye…
Amblyopia is a disorder of the ocular-neural tracts resulting in decreased visual acuity in one or both eyes. It is usually as a results from disorders in the eye itself. It is difficult to elicit symptoms of Amblyopia in infants,…
Overview This refers to impaired vision due to an abnormal focal point of the eye. The cornea performs most of the refraction in the eye. Ideally, the corneal curvature of an eye must match the eye’s size. A mismatch leads…
Overview A cataract is an opacity of the crystalline lens. It causes haziness and cloudiness of vision. It is a painless process. It is treated by surgery. Leukocoria Leukocoria can be a presenting sign of cataracts. It appears as a…
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