Femoral head fractures are rare injuries that are usually associated with hip dislocation (10%). In a posterior hip dislocation, the femoral head hits the posterior rim of the acetabulum and fractures. On the other hand, anterior dislocation causes impaction or…
The clavicle is a long, curved bone that forms part of the shoulder girdle. It has a sternal end (rounded) and an acromial end (flat). Fractures commonly occur in the middle third of the clavicle, which is the thinnest part.…
Proximal Humerus Fracture The most common fracture pattern of the proximal humerus is a transverse fracture. Most fractures are non-displaced and are treated non-operatively. It has a bimodal distribution. 70% of cases occur in women. It is the 3rd most…
Anatomy of the Knee Joint The knee is a modified hinge joint that articulates the femur to the patella and tibia. It is ‘modified’ because it allows for some degree of internal and external rotation, in addition to flexion and…
Parkinson Disease Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that results in abnormalities in movement, autonomic function and cognition. It is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, a nucleus that is involved in the…
Overview Major regions of stroke Region Area supplied Function Middle cerebral artery (MCA) Lateral frontal lobes, temporal lobes, lateral anterior parietal lobes Upper body and language Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) Mesial and anterior frontal lobes, medial parietal lobes Lower body,…
A transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is defined as neurological deficits that completely resolve within 24 hours. 80% of TIAs are due to thromboemboli, which occur almost exclusively in patients with symptomatic large vessel disease, e.g., carotid artery stenosis. A transient event is…
Status epilepticus is an emergency defined as continuous seizure activity for ≥ 5 minutes or recent seizures without recovery of consciousness between episodes. It can be convulsive or non-convulsive, and requires immediate treatment to prevent brain injury and death.
Febrile seizures are seizures associated with fever (> 37.8 C), and not due to underlying pathology such as epilepsy or infection. They are common in children aged 6 months to 5 years old. It peaks at 12 – 18 months. It is benign, affecting…
Seizure medications (anti-epileptic drugs) are the mainstay of treatment for epilepsy. They are initiated by a specialist, and chosen based on the type of seizure, patient factors, side effects, cost, and drug interactions. Classification according to mechanism Mechanism Examples Sodium channel…
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