Overview Macular degeneration is the most common cause of permanent visual loss in the elderly. It is AKA age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It is a chronic condition that leads to progressive ventral visual loss. The macula is essential for central…
Overview Hypertensive Retinopathy is a disease of the retinal and choroidal vasculature due to severe acute or chronic hypertension. Chronic hypertensive retinopathy is more common and is predominantly seen in older patients. Disease Process Cause Patients Acute hypertensive retinopathy Sudden,…
Overview Diabetic retinopathy is the breakdown of retinal vasculature due to persistent hyperglycemia. It usually occurs in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. All patients with a new diagnosis of T2DM should be referred to an ophthalmologist for baseline evaluation. The…
Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited retinal disorder. Visual loss usually begins in childhood. It involves the loss of photoreceptors (rods and cones) by apoptosis. Rod death precedes cone death. Night and peripheral vision are lost progressively. It results in a…
High-Risk Pregnancies A high-risk pregnancy is a pregnancy in which the mother, fetus, or**, newborn is or will be at an increased risk of morbidity or mortality**, happening before, during, or after delivery. They can lead to serious maternal, obstetric,…
Overview NYHA functional classification of heart failure (Symptoms = fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea) NYHA Class Symptoms at rest Symptoms during activity I No No II No Mild III No Severe IV Yes Severe Maternal mortality risk Risk for maternal mortality Conditions…
Overview The goal of managing diabetes in pregnancy includes providing necessary nutrients for the mother and fetus, controlling glucose levels, and preventing starvation ketosis. Women without persistent fasting hyperglycemia (A1) can be put on diet restriction. Priscilla White Classification of…
Overview Pregnancy is a hypercoagulable state, with an increases risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). All clotting factors increase (apart from factor XI and XIII) and stasis in lower limb vessels increases due to compression of…
Overview Postpartum fever is defined as a temperature > 38. 7 C in the first 24 hours postpartum or > 38 C on any two of the first 10 days post-partum. The MCC of postpartum fever is endometritis. Complicates approximately…
Overview Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is classically defined as blood loss of greater than 500 mL in vaginal delivery or 1000 mL at Caeserian. ACOG defines it as a 10% drop in hematocrit or need for transfusion. Most clinicians rely on…
