Hypercalcaemia is characterised by an elevated concentration of serum calcium above the normal range. It is commonly caused by primary hyperparathyroidism or malignancy. Classification of hypercalcemia Classification Description Primary hypercalcaemia Commonly due to primary hyperparathyroidism or malignancy – breast cancer,…
Hypocalcaemia is characterised by a decreased level of calcium in the bloodstream. It is commonly caused by hypoparathyroidism or vitamin D deficiency. Acute hypocalcemia is a medical emergency that requires prompt correction with intravenous calcium gluconate. Causes of hypocalcaemia Category…
Hypopituitarism is characterised by reduced secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. Panhypopituitarism is a deficiency of all anterior hormones. It is commonly caused by surgery, a pituitary tumour, and radiation. Hormones are affected in this order: Growth hormone (GH) → Luteinizing…
Hypopituitary coma is a decompensation of chronic hypophyseal failure that is characterised by hypothermia, refractory hypotension, and signs of hypopituitarism.
Hypercortisolism is caused by excessive glucocorticoids. Definition of terms Term Definition Cushing’s syndrome The clinical state that is produced by chronic glucocorticoid excess, loss of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, and loss of circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion. Exogenous hypercortisolism Hypercortisolism caused…
Adrenal insufficiency is caused by the underproduction of adrenocortical hormones. Definition of terms Term Definition Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease) This is primary adrenal insufficiency. Although rare, it can be fatal since destruction of the adrenal cortex leads to glucocorticoid…
Adrenal crisis is an acute life-threatening condition characterised by severe hypotension, hypoglycaemia, and altered mental status. It can occur in patients with known Addison’s disease when oral steroids are not increased to cover stress or when dosages have been missed.…
Hyperparathyroidsim Hyperparathyroidism refers to excess secretion of parathyroid hormone. Primary Hyperparathyroidism Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by the excess secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), resulting in hypercalcemia. 85% of cases are due to a parathyroid adenoma. It peaks at 70+ years…
Hypoparathyroidism is caused by deficient or absent parathyroid hormone production. This results in hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. Definition of terms Term Definition Primary hypoparathyroidIsm Reduced PTH secretion due to gland failure Secondary hypoparathyroidism Reduced PTH secretion secondary to radiation, thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy,…
Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s Syndrome) Primary hyperaldosteronism is characterised by autonomous excessive secretion of aldosterone by an adrenal adenoma or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. It commonly presents with resistant hypertension and hypokalemia. Secondary Hyperaldosteronism Secondary hyperaldosteronism is caused by excessive renal production…