Overview Emphasis in thoracic trauma is on proper airway and breathing (since injury can be to the airway structures themselves). Patients with thoracic trauma should be put on 100% O2 via NRB mask (not nasal cannulas) since hypoxia is an…
Overview Trauma is the leading cause of death and disability in pts < 40yo, and is the third most common cause of death overall. The formula patient + mechanism = injury is key in assessing and managing trauma patients .…
Overview HIV/AIDs is caused by the retrovirus Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2). Most patients with acute HIV infection are asymptomatic but some may present with a flu-like illness in the weeks following exposure. Transmission HIV is spread parentally via…
Summary of important cognitive milestones Age Milestones 1 month old Reacts to voice, establishes eye contact 2 months old Tracks object 180 degrees 4 months old Recognizes hand 6 months old Grasps, visualizes, and manipulates objects 9 months old Object…
A seizure is defined as a sudden change in consciousness, behaviour or movement of the body, due to electrical hypersynchronization of neuronal networks in the cerebral cortex. This sudden change tends to be transient, and is characterized mainly by motor symptoms (eg. shaking)…
Approach to Chest pain with Shortness of Breath Wells score: pretest clinical probability scoring for DVT Criteria Points each PE most likely diagnosis (sx of DVT) 3 Heart rate > 100 1.5 Immobilization 1.5 Surgery within 4 weeks 1.5 Hemoptysis…
How fractures occur A fracture is a break in the structural continuity of bone. Simply put, it is a broken bone. Types of fractures Type Description Complete fracture Bone is completely divided into 2 or more fragments Incomplete fracture Bone…
Hyperthyroidism is caused by an elevation of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4). Classification Classification Description Examples Primary hyperthyroidism Elevated thyroid hormone due to increased autonomous production by the thyroid gland. Has a low TSH, high T3, and T4 Grave’s disease,…
DKA vs HHS vs EDKA DKA HHS EKDA Predominant feature Ketonemia and high anion gap metabolic acidosis Very high glucose and serum osmolality Ketonemia and high anion gap metabolic acidosis Glucose >13.9 >33.3 Normal (<11) Ketones > 3 mmol/L in…
Diabetes is an endocrine disease caused by a lack of insulin or reduced insulin effectiveness. The main metabolic derangement is hyperglycaemia, which can lead to serious microvascular and macrovascular complications. Both Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have the same…
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