Neonatal Biodata Maternal and Paternal Medical and Genetic History Maternal Obstetric and Antenatal History Antepartum and Intrapartum History Birth and Immediate Neonatal History Presenting Complaints History of Presenting Complaint Jaundice History (OPDEC) Neonatal Milestones Nutrition History Immunisation History Growth and…
Laryngomalacia is characterised by an immature, constricted larynx with poor structural support and tone. The weak and immature cartilages of the infant collapse on inspiration, causing the characteristic noisy breathing. It is the most common congenital laryngeal anomaly and the most common…
Choanal atresia is a congenital defect that is characterized by the occlusion of the openings that connect the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx (choanae). The occlusion can be soft tissue, bone, or both (90% bony, 10% membranous, and 5% mixed). It is…
Overview Stridor is a high-pitched monophonic sound produced by the irregular flow of air through a narrowed passage. It points to significant airway obstruction. It can generally be classified as inspiratory, expiratory, or biphasic depending on the phase of respiration…
A tracheostomy is an opening in the anterior wall of the trachea, which is converted into a stoma on the skin surface. The procedure can be done under local or general anesthesia; types include emergent, elective, or permanent. Definition of…
Laryngeal cancer is the second most common head and neck cancer. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) It peaks between 40 and 70 years of age. The 5-year survival rate is 65%. Regions of the larynx Site…
Adenoid hypertrophy is the enlargement of the adenoids. It can occur with or without infection of the adenoids. Clinical features of adenoid hypertrophy Category Clinical features General symptoms Failure to thrive, anorexia, adenoid facies, pigeon chest, and daytime somnolence Nasal symptoms…
Acute tonsillitis is an acute inflammation of the palatine tonsils. It is commonly caused by viruses. It peaks between 6 and 15 years of age. Classification of tonsillitis Classification Description Acute catarrhal tonsillitis (superficial) The tonsillitis is part of a generalized…
Pharyngitis is an infection and inflammation of the pharynx. Modified Centor Criteria CENTOR Component C Cough absent E Exudate (pharyngeal) N Nodes (tender, cervical) T Temperature (fever) OR Young OR Old. Ages 3-14 (+1), 15-44 (0), ≥ 45 (-1) Score Likelihood…
Epistaxis is bleeding from inside the nose. It is a common ENT emergency, affecting all age groups. Almost 90% of the population will have an episode of epistaxis. Plexuses involved in epistaxis Plexus Description Kiesselbach’s plexus Formed by 4 vessels (anterior…