Overview Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as a disease state characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow obstruction. 75% of COPD patients are long-time smokers. COPD includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis and most patients have features of both.…
Overview Asthma is an acute or sub-acute inflammation of the airways, precipitated by a variety of factors that result in bronchial hyperactivity and airway obstruction. The cause is idiopathic. Varies in degrees of severity and chronicity. Mild attacks may linger…
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR) Laryngopharyngeal refulx (LPR), also known as the silent reflux (no belching or vomiting), is the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the larynx and pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx). The effect of gastric acid on the larynx…
Epiglottis Epiglottitis is an acute inflammation (commonly infectious) of the supraglottic region involving the epiglottis, vallecula, arytenoids, and aryepiglottic folds. It may also be referred to as supraglottitis as it may affect supraglottic structures mostly. The most common cause is…
Overview Cervical screening is one of the cornerstones of gynaecological visits. Every woman attending a clinical visit should have their records assessed to ensure they are up to date on their cervical screening. HPV DNA testing is not recommended before…
Overview An autopsy is the scientific examination of a dead person through dissection of the body for medical, legal, and/or scientific purposes. It is derived from the Greek word ‘autopsia’ meaning to see for oneself. The root Auto stands for…
Anatomy The thyroid is a bi-lobed shield-shaped organ located anteriorly in the neck that is responsible for the production of thyroid hormones and calcitonin. It has a right and left lobe connected by the isthmus. Each lobe has a superior…
Small Bowel Obstruciton Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract at the level of the small intestine. It is a common surgical condition. It is mostly caused by mechanical obstruction of the bowel (intraluminal or extraluminal). Aetiology…