Overview Sympathetic outflow works to favor relaxation of the bladder (reduces intravesicular pressure) and constriction of the neck and urethra (increases intraurethral pressure) favoring urinary retention. Parasympathetic outflow stimulates contraction (raises intravesicular pressure) favoring voiding. Normal bladder post-void residual is…
Overview Infertility is the inability of a couple to conceive with regular intercourse (3-4 times per week) and in the absence of contraception after 12 months in women < 35 years and 6 months in women > 35 years. Infertility…
Intrauterine contraception (IUDs) Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS, Mirena): may be left upto 5 years Copper T380 A IUD (Paragard T380): may be left in for up to 10 years Progestin implants Etonorgestrel subdermal implant (Implanon, Nexplanon): single-rod progestin implant, placed…
The Menstrual Cycle The typical menstrual cycle varies from woman to woman, as well as at various points in her life. By convention, the first day of menstrual bleeding is designated as day 1 of the menstrual cycle. The super…
Overview Diarrhoea is defined as increased volume or frequency of stool, generally of a more liquid consistency Has a number of causes. Most are idiopathic The most important first step in managing a patient with diarrhea is to assess the…
Firearm Injuries Firearm injuries occur when someone is shot by a bullet or projectile from a firearm. Injury varies and largely depends on anatomical location and ballistics. The mode of injury depends on the shape, velocity and possible deformation or…
Overview Asphyxia is a lack of oxygen or an excess of carbon dioxide in the body usually caused by interruption of breathing or insufficient oxygen supply. It stems from the greek word ‘Asphyxua’ which means ‘a lack of pulsation’. In…
Overview Trauma is bodily harm with or without structural alterations, resulting from interaction with physiochemical agents that impart energy to tissues. They may cause apparent damage (wound) or produce physiological imbalance (e.g. cardiac arrest by neural stimulation) and secondary effects…
Definition of terms Term Definition Disaster Normal conditions of existence are disrupted and the level of suffering exceeds the capacity of the hazard-affected community to respond to it. In the context of DVI, it is an unexpected event causing the…
Exhumation is the lawful disinterment of a buried body from its grave. Magistrates can order for exhumation and subsequent examination of the dead body. There is no limit fixed for disinterment in Kenya.