Rectal Prolapse (Procidentia) A rectal prolapse is an umbrella term that refers to the abnormal full-thickness protrusion of the rectum through the anus. It can be easy to confuse rectal prolapse with prolapsed haemorrhoids. One way to differentiate a rectal…
Anal fissure An anal fissure is a superficial tearing of the skin over the anal sphincter (anoderm). It is related to prolonged bouts of straining or child-birth (post-partum). Diagnosis is clinical, as fissures can be seen on examination by carefully…
Hemorrhoids Haemorrhoids are dilated submucosal veins within the internal or external anal canal that are usually inflamed or thrombosed. They usually occur at the 3 o’clock, 7 o’clock and 11 o’clock positions. A digital rectal examination is diagnostic for haemorrhoids.…
Testicular Cancer Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy affecting men aged 20 – 30 years. Most are germ cell tumours (>95%), of which there are two main types: seminomas and teratomas. Recent classification divides testicular cancer into seminoma (50%)…
Carcinoma of the Prostate Prostate cancer is an adenocarcinoma that is usually located in the peripheral zone of the prostate. It commonly spreads to bones and lymph nodes. Localized cancer is often asymptomatic since it develops in the periphery of…
Varicocele A varicocele is an abnormal enlargement and tortuosity of the pampiniform venos plexus due to proximal obstruction in the spermatic vein. Sarteschic grading of varicoceles Grade Varicosities Reflux Testicular hypertrophy Grade I No visible varicosity. Reflux is only provoked…
Hydrocele A hydrocele is an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in some part of the processus vaginalis (most commonly in the tunica vaginalis). It is closely related to indirect inguinal hernias and can be due to a patent processus vaginalis.…
Epididymitis Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis. Classified into acute, chronic (> 6 weeks), and recurrent epididymitis. It is a clinical diagnosis. Acute epididymitis is usually infectious (following UTI or STI), whereas chronic epididymitis is due to untreated acute epididymitis,…
Testicular Torsion Testicular torsion is the sudden twisting of the spermatic cord due to a poorly secured testis. Commonly occurs in neonates and adolescent men (10-25 yo). It is a true surgical EMERGENCY. There is a strangulation of the blood…
Overview Primary brain tumors are the most common solid tumor in children and the second-leading overall cause of cancer death (after leukemia). Primary brain tumors are relatively less common in adults but are still the seventh-leading cause of cancer death…