Chronic otitis media is a long-standing infection of the middle ear (> 6 weeks) characterized by ear discharge and permanent perforation. The incidence of COM is high in developing countries. It affects both sexes equally and all age groups. It…
Otitis media with effusion, AKA Serous Otitis Media, is a slowly progressive disease characterized by the accumulation of non-purulent effusion in the middle ear cleft behind an intact tympanic membrane without signs and symptoms of acute infection. If it persists…
Acute Otitis Media (AOM) Acute otitis media AKA Acute Suppurative Otitis Media is an acute infection of the middle ear canal. Strictly, it is defined as the first 3 weeks of a process in which the middle ear shows signs…
Otitis Externa Otitis externa is infection (cellulitis) of the external auditory canal. It is classically associated with swimming. The most common cause is bacterial infection. The most common pathogen is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Diagnosis is clinical. Investigations for otitis externa are…
Overview Open fractures are common and have a high potential for morbidity and mortality. They are commonly associated with infection, osteomyelitis, compartment syndrome, and amputation. The tibia is the most commonly involved bone. Classification of Open Fractures The Gustilo-Anderson classification…
Fracture Healing The type of fracture healing is determined by movement around the fracture site. Movement around the fracture site and healing Degree of movement Consequence Absolute stability and compression Primary healing Relative stability Secondary healing Excessive movement Delayed or…
Nomenclature Suffix AKA Description Features -tropia Manifest deviation Binocular vision cannot be obtained. These patients have persistent symptoms. Persistent symptoms -phoria Latent deviation Binocular gaze may be obtained when both eyes are open and fixating, but when the strabismus eye…
Amblyopia is a disorder of the ocular-neural tracts resulting in decreased visual acuity in one or both eyes. It is usually as a results from disorders in the eye itself. It is difficult to elicit symptoms of Amblyopia in infants,…
Overview This refers to impaired vision due to an abnormal focal point of the eye. The cornea performs most of the refraction in the eye. Ideally, the corneal curvature of an eye must match the eye’s size. A mismatch leads…
Overview A cataract is an opacity of the crystalline lens. It causes haziness and cloudiness of vision. It is a painless process. It is treated by surgery. Leukocoria Leukocoria can be a presenting sign of cataracts. It appears as a…
