Melanoma is the proliferation of atypical melanocytes. It is the most dangerous type of skin cancer. Melanoma has a high potential to invade the dermis and metastasise. 70% of melanoma arises from normal skin, while 30% arise from pre-existing naevi.…
Lichen planus is a chronic, inflammatory, pruritic skin condition. It is characterised by an itchy papular rash commonly on the palms, soles, genitalia, or flexor surface of the arms. It is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disorder. The diagnosis is clinical. It…
Definition of terms Term Definition Adverse drug reaction (ADR) A noxious and unintended response to medicine that occurs at normal therapeutic doses used in humans for prevention, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or for the modification of physiologic function Side…
A 52-year-old woman presents with a 3-month history of a painless lump in her left breast. Biopsy confirms invasive ductal carcinoma, stage II (T2N1M0). She undergoes breast-conserving therapy (lumpectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy). Post-operatively, she is referred to the…
A 45-year-old woman with breast cancer on adjuvant chemotherapy presents with a fever of 38.9°C, chills, and malaise. She looks acutely unwell. On physical examination, she has hypotension (BP 90/60 mmHg), tachycardia, with no localising source of infection. Her laboratory…
