Overview Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is classically defined as blood loss of greater than 500 mL in vaginal delivery or 1000 mL at Caeserian. ACOG defines it as a 10% drop in hematocrit or need for transfusion. Most clinicians rely on…

Post-partum Care Postpartum is a general term for the period of time following childbirth. “Postpartum,” as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), starts one hour after the delivery of the placenta and includes the first six weeks after childbirth. The…

Pelvic Floor Fistula (Overview) Pelvic floor fistulas are abnormal connections between two epithelialized surfaces within the pelvis. There are mainly two types, rectrovaginal fistula (RVF) and vesicovaginal fistula (VVF). Surgery is the primary treatment for fistula. Despite successful closure of…

Overview Approximately 20% of labour involves dystocia. Labour abnormalities can be classified as disorders of protraction and disorders of arrest. .Remember that Labour is defined as regular contractions (every 5 minutes lasting ~ 30 secs.) accompanied by cervical dilation and…

Overview Induction of labour (IOL) is the planned initiation of labour prior to its spontaneous onset. Uterine contractions are initiated artificially leading to progressive dilation and effecement of the cervix and delivery of the fetus. Generally, IOL is performed when…

Overview Labor is a physiological sequence of regular painful uterine contractions that results in progressive effacement and dilation of the cervix and voluntary bearing-down efforts leading to delivery (expulsion per vagina of the products of conception). Cervical dilation w/o uterine…

Infectious disorders of Pregnancy

Overview 2 separate Blood Pressure (BP) readings >140/90 mmHg at least 4 hours apart are needed to diagnose hypertension. All pregnant patients with hypertension should get a urinalysis to look for proteinuria. No or trace proteinuria (<300 mg/dL) Proteinuria (≥…

Antepartum Hemorrhage Antepartum hemorrhage is bleeding from late 2nd trimester to delivery (around 20-24 weeks and beyond). All causes of antepartum hemorrhage risk the complications of preterm delivery and fetal death. Differentials for antepartum hemorrhage Classification Differentials Cervical Cervicitis, cervical…

Overview Approximately 25% of pregnancies experience bleeding in the first trimester. Most women need to be reassured since 50% of the time the pregnancy will go on uncomplicated. Lower abdominal pain and heavy bleeding are associated with an increased risk…