Choanal atresia is a congenital defect in which the openings that connect the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx (choanae) are occluded, either by soft tissue, bone, or both. (90% bony, 10% membranous and 5% mixed) It is more common in…

Overview Stridor is a high pitched monophonic sound produced by irregular flow of air through a narrowed passage. It points to significant airway obstruction. It can generally be classified as inspiratory, expiratory or biphasic depending on the phase of respiration…

Overview This is making an opening in the anterior wall of the trachea converting it into a stoma on the skin surface. Whenever possible, endotracheal intubation should be attempted first. Tracheostomy can be done under local or general anesthesia. Types…

Congenital Neck Masses Location Typical age Physical exam Treatment Thyroglossal duct cyst Midline School-aged Firm, Non-tender, Elevates with tongue protrusion Surgical excision Branchial cleft cyst Anterior triangle, pre-auricular School-aged Firm, non-tender Surgical excision Cystic hygroma Posterior triangle Infant Diffuse neck…

Adenoids Adenoids, also referred to as the nasopharyngeal tonsil, are pyramidal-shaped structures with the apex of the pyramid pointing towards the nasal septum and the base situated at the junction of the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx. It…

Palatine Tonsils The palatine tonsils are part of the Waldeyer ring which is an annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the subepithelial layer of the pharynx. Other lymphoid aggregates that are part of the Waldeyer ring include the include: There…

Pharyngitis is infection and inflammation of the pharynx. It is usually viral. Bacterial pharyngitis is associated with Streptococcus pyogenes (will not have a significant cough) Modified Centor Criteria CENTOR Component C Cough absent E Exudate (pharyngeal) N Nodes (tender, cervical)…

Foreign body of the Esophagus The most common non-food objects ingested in children are coins. In adults, the most common objects are fish bones, dentures, and meat. The most common locations for impaction are at the cricopharyngeus, gastroesophageal junction, aortic…

Epistaxis is bleeding from inside the nose. It is a common ENT emergency that is seen in all age groups. Almost 90% of the population will have an episode of epistaxis. Plexuses involved in epistaxis Plexus Description Kiesselbach’s plexus Formed…