Laryngeal Cancer

Overview The larynx is the second most common site of head and neck cancer. It accounts for 1-5% of all malignancies. The mean age of laryngeal cancer presentation is 40-70 years. It has a 5-year survival rate of 65%. Sites…

Adenoid Hypertrophy

Adenoids Adenoids, also referred to as the nasopharyngeal tonsil, are pyramidal-shaped structures with the apex of the pyramid pointing towards the nasal septum and the base situated at the junction of the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx. It…

Tonsilitis

Palatine Tonsils The palatine tonsils are part of the Waldeyer ring which is an annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the subepithelial layer of the pharynx. Other lymphoid aggregates that are part of the Waldeyer ring include the include: There…

Pharyngitis

Pharyngitis is infection and inflammation of the pharynx. It is usually viral. Bacterial pharyngitis is associated with Streptococcus pyogenes (will not have a significant cough) Modified Centor Criteria CENTOR Component C Cough absent E Exudate (pharyngeal) N Nodes (tender, cervical)…

Epistaxis

Epistaxis is bleeding from inside the nose. It is a common ENT emergency that is seen in all age groups. Almost 90% of the population will have an episode of epistaxis. Plexuses involved in epistaxis Plexus Description Kiesselbach’s plexus Formed…

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Overview NPC is the second most common head and neck cancer in Kenya. It has a high incidence in Southern China and a moderate incidence in Kenya and Northern Africa. Areas with high incidence have a single peak incidence at…

Rhinosinusitis

Acute Rhinosinusitis Acute sinusitis is inflammation of the sinus cavities of the skull. Inflammation results in blockage, build-up of fluid, and pressure. It is most commonly viral. If symptoms last for more than 7-10 days it suggests a bacterial etiology,…

Epidermal Necrolysis

Epidermal Necrolysis is an immune-complex mediated inflammatory condition where the skin is destroyed at the level of the junction between the epidermis and dermis. It is a spectrum that is termed differently depending on the severity. Epidermal necrolysis follows a…

Pyoderma Gangrenosum

Pyoderma gangrenosum is an inflammatory condition that begins as pustules, which break down to form painful, ulcerated lesions with indurated purple borders. These ulcers often get secondary infection. They most frequently appear on the lower legs (but can appear anywhere,…