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April 2025: Foundation

  • OnJuly 27, 2025
  • InFoundation / Pulse Check

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March 2025: Advanced

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March 2025: Foundation

  • OnJuly 27, 2025
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  • OnJuly 27, 2025
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February 2025: Foundation

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January 2025: Foundation

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December 2024: Advanced

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December 2024: Foundation

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REFERENCE INTERVALS

Biochemistry
Adrenocorticotrophic hormoneP: <80 ng/L
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)P: 5–35 U/L
AlbuminP: 35–50 g/L
AldosteroneP: 100–500 pmol/L
Alkaline phosphataseP: 30–130 U/L (adults)
α-AmylaseP: 0–180 IU/dL
α-FetoproteinS: <10 kU/L
Angiotensin IIP: 5–35 pmol/L
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)P: 0.9–4.6 pmol/L
Aspartate transaminaseP: 5–35 U/L
BicarbonateP: 24–30 mmol/L
BilirubinP: 3–17 μmol/L
BNPP: <50 ng/L
C-reactive proteinP: <10 mg/L
CalcitoninP: <0.1 mcg/L
Calcium (ionized)P: 1.0–1.25 mmol/L
Calcium (total)P: 2.12–2.60 mmol/L
ChlorideP: 95–105 mmol/L
CholesterolP: <5.0 mmol/L
VLDLP: 0.128–0.645 mmol/L
LDLP: <2.0 mmol/L
HDLP: 0.9–1.93 mmol/L
CortisolP: AM 450–700 nmol/L, Midnight 80–280 nmol/L
Creatine kinase (CK)P: ♂ 25–195 U/L, ♀ 25–170 U/L
CreatinineP: 70–100 μmol/L
FerritinP: 12–200 mcg/L
FolateS: 2.1 mcg/L
FSHP/S: 2–8 U/L ♂ (luteal); >25 U/L menopause
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidaseP: ♂ 11–51 U/L, ♀ 7–33 U/L
Glucose (fasting)P: 3.5–5.5 mmol/L
Growth hormoneP: <20 mu/L
HbA1C (DCCT)B: 4–6%
HbA1C (IFCC)B: 20–42 mmol/mol
IronS: ♂ 14–31 μmol/L, ♀ 11–30 μmol/L
LactateP: Venous 0.6–2.4 mmol/L, Arterial 0.6–1.8 mmol/L
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)P: 70–250 U/L
LeadB: <1.8 mmol/L
LHP: 3–16 U/L (luteal)
MagnesiumP: 0.75–1.05 mmol/L
OsmolalityP: 278–305 mosmol/kg
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)P: 0.8–8.5 pmol/L
PotassiumP: 3.5–5.3 mmol/L
ProlactinP: ♂ <450 U/L, ♀ <600 U/L
PSAP: 0–4 mcg/mL
Protein (total)P: 60–80 g/L
Red cell folateB: 0.36–1.44 μmol/L
ReninP: Erect 2.8–4.5, Recumbent 1.1–2.7 pmol/mL/h
SodiumP: 135–145 mmol/L
TBGP: 7–17 mg/L
TSHP: 0.5–4.2 mU/L
Thyroxine (T4)P: 70–140 nmol/L
Free T4P: 9–22 pmol/L
Total iron-binding capacityS: 54–75 μmol/L
Triglycerides (fasting)P: 0.50–2.3 mmol/L
Triiodothyronine (T3)P: 1.2–3.0 nmol/L
Troponin TP: <0.1 mcg/L
UrateP: ♂ 210–480 μmol/L, ♀ 150–390 μmol/L
UreaP: 2.5–6.7 mmol/L
Vitamin B12S: 0.13–0.68 nmol/L
Vitamin DS: 50 nmol/L
Arterial Blood Gases
pH7.35–7.45
PaCO₂4.7–6.0 kPa
PaO₂>10.6 kPa
Base excess±2 mmol/L
Urine
Cortisol (free)<280 nmol/24h
Hydroxyindole acetic acid16–73 μmol/24h
Hydroxymethylmandelic acid16–48 μmol/24h
Metanephrines0.03–0.69 μmol/mmol creatinine
Osmolality350–1000 mosmol/kg
17-Oxogenic steroids♂ 28–30 μmol/24h, ♀ 21–66 μmol/24h
17-Oxosteroids (neutral)♂ 17–76 μmol/24h, ♀ 14–59 μmol/24h
Phosphate (inorganic)15–50 mmol/24h
Potassium14–120 mmol/24h
Protein<150 mg/24h
Protein/creatinine ratio<3 mg/mmol
Sodium100–250 mmol/24h
Haematology
WCC4.0–11.0 ×10⁹/L
Red cell count♂ 4.5–6.5 ×10¹²/L, ♀ 3.9–5.6 ×10¹²/L
Haemoglobin♂ 130–180 g/L, ♀ 115–160 g/L
PCV / Haematocrit♂ 0.4–0.54 L/L, ♀ 0.37–0.47 L/L
MCV76–96 fL
MCH27–32 pg
MCHC300–360 g/L
RDW11.6–14.6%
Neutrophils2.0–7.5 ×10⁹/L (40–75%)
Lymphocytes1.0–4.5 ×10⁹/L (20–45%)
Eosinophils0.04–0.44 ×10⁹/L (1–6%)
Basophils0–0.10 ×10⁹/L (0–1%)
Monocytes0.2–0.8 ×10⁹/L (2–10%)
Platelet count150–400 ×10⁹/L
Reticulocyte count0.8–2.0% / 25–100 ×10⁹/L
ESRDepends on age
Prothrombin time10–14 s
APTT35–45 s
Paediatric
Pulse Rate (beats per minute)
Neonate (<1 month)140–160
Infant (<1 year)120–140
1–5 years110–130
5–12 years80–120
>12 years70–100
Temperature
Normal range36.6–37.2 °C
38.0 °CFever (infant)
38.5 °CFever (>3 months)
Respiratory Rate (tachypnoea)
Neonate (0–2 months)≥60 breaths/min
2–12 months≥50 breaths/min
1–5 years≥40 breaths/min
>5 years≥30 breaths/min
Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Term65/45
1 year75/50
4 years85/60
8 years95/65
10 years100/70
Head Circumference
Term35 cm ± 2
1 year+1 cm/month
2–3 years+2 cm/year
4–5 years+1 cm/year
5 years~53 cm
10 years56–57 cm
Height
Term52–55 cm
1 year75 cm
2–12 years6a + 77 cm
Weight Formulas
3–12 months(a + 9)/2 kg
1–6 years2a + 8 kg
>6 years(7a − 5)/2 kg
Developmental Milestones
Social smile1.5 months
Head control4 months
Sits unsupported7 months
Crawls10 months
Stands unsupported10–12 months
Walks12–13 months
Talks18 months
MUAC (6 months–5 years)
Obese>17.5 cm
Normal13.5–17.4 cm
At risk12.5–13.4 cm
Moderate malnutrition11.5–12.4 cm
Severe malnutrition<11.5 cm
Blood Transfusion
Whole blood20 mL/kg
pRBC10 mL/kg
Formula6 × (weight in kg) × Hb deficit
Normal Paediatric Lab Values
Haemoglobin (g/dL)Hematocrit (%)
Term newborn: 13–2040–58
1 month: 11–1832–54
2 months: 10–1528–44
1–2 years: 10–1332–40
>2 years: 11–1433–42
CSF WBC (/mm³)
Term newborn0–25
>2 weeks0–5

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