Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm arising from the cervical epithelium. It is strongly associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV). 80% are squamous cell carcinomas, while 20% are adenocarcinomas. It peaks between 30 and 40 years. FIGO Staging and Treatment…
Vulvovaginitis Trichomoniasis Candida vaginitis Bacterial vaginosis Physical Exam Erythema and irritation Erythema and irritation Unremarkable Discharge Yellow-green, malodorous “Cottage-cheese”like Gray/White, “fishy Wet mount “Motile, flagellated protozoa Nothing Clue cells KOH prep Nothing Pseudohyphae, spores + whiff test pH Elevated (> 4.5) Normal (4.0…
Vulvar carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm that can arise from anywhere between the mons pubis and the perianal region. 90% of vulvar cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. Other histological subtypes include melanoma and Bartholin’s gland adenocarcinoma. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)…
Benign Epithelial Lesions of the Vulva Disorder Features Management Lichen simplex chronicus Thickened, discolored epithelium caused by chronic scratching. Leathery appearance. Medium-potency corticosteroid (Betamethasone) Lichen sclerosis Symmetric thinning of labial skin (cigarette paper or parchment-like), distortion of normal anatomy and/or…
Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine from the bladder. It affects 4 – 5% of the population and is more common in elderly women. Function of receptors in the urinary system Receptor Function Muscarinic receptor (M) Contracts detrusor muscles…
Overview Infertility is the inability of a couple to conceive with regular intercourse (3-4 times per week) and in the absence of contraception after 12 months in women < 35 years and 6 months in women > 35 years. Infertility is not the same…
Contraception refers to the methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy. It is also known as birth control or family planning. About 50% of pregnancies are unplanned. No contraception is 100% effective at preventing pregnancy. Gillick competency (Fraser Guidelines) is used to prescribe…
The Menstrual Cycle The menstrual cycle is a monthly hormonal and physiological process where the body is prepared for potential changes. It involves a coordinated interplay of hormones and negative and positive feedback loops involving the ovaries and uterus, regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis.…
Diarrhoea is an increased volume or frequency of stool, which has a liquid consistency (enough to fit in a container) WHO defines diarrhoea as; It has several causes and is the second leading cause of death in children < 5 years old. Dysentery is…
Overview Asphyxia is a lack of oxygen or an excess of carbon dioxide in the body usually caused by interruption of breathing or insufficient oxygen supply. It stems from the greek word ‘Asphyxua’ which means ‘a lack of pulsation’. In…