Adenomyosis is uterine enlargement caused by focal or diffuse ectopic rests of endometrial tissue within the myometrium. Pathogenesis is not fully understood. Most likely due to direct invasion of the endometrium into the myometrium. The most common symptoms are abnormal…
Endometriosis is the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the normal location, excluding adenomyosis. It is a hormonally dependent disease, and therefore commonly presents as cyclical pelvic pain. Prevents chiefly in women of reproductive age. Should be considered as…
Overview Cervical cancer rates are highest in Sub-saharan Africa. Cervical cancer is the 3rd most common cancer in women worldwide and the 2nd most common cause of cancer-related deaths in women. It contributes to about 13% of new cancer cases…
Cervical cysts Cervical cysts need not be removed unless they are symptomatic or interfere with pap testing. Benign lesion Description Nabothian cyst Clear to yellow-white elevations of the endocervix or proximal ectocervix. Contain mucus. No more than 1 cm in…
Overview Trichomoniasis Candida vaginitis Bacterial vaginosis Physical Exam Erythema and irritation Erythema and irritation Unremarkable Discharge Yellow-green, malodorous “Cottage-cheese” like Gray/White, “fishy Wet mount “Motile, flagellated protozoa Nothing Clue cells KOH prep Nothing Pseudohyphae, spores + whiff test pH Elevated…
Overview The vagina is a cylindrical tube that runs from the cervix to the vulva. Rugae provide a stretching probability which is useful during childbirth. Vaginal Foreign Body Something in the vagina that is not supposed to be there. Commonly…
Overview Vulvar carcinoma (squamous cell) can occur anywhere from the mons pubis to the perianal region. It is rare (3-5% of gynaecologic cancers). The incidence of Vulvar Carcinoma in Situ (VCIS) has increased by 411% between 1973 to 2000 due…
Anatomy of the Vulva Epidermal Inclusion Cyst Epidermal inclusion cysts are caused by the proliferation of epidermal cells within a circumscribed area of the dermis which results in plugging of a pilosebaceous unit. It is AKA epidermoid cyst or sebaceous…
Overview Disorder Features Management Lichen simplex chronicus Thickened, discolored epithelium caused by chronic scratching. Leathery appearance. Medium-potency corticosteroid (Betamethasone) Lichen sclerosis Symmetric thinning of labial skin (cigarette paper or parchment-like), distortion of normal anatomy and/or adhesions Biopsy, High-potency corticosteroid (Clobetasol)…
Overview Sympathetic outflow works to favor relaxation of the bladder (reduces intravesicular pressure) and constriction of the neck and urethra (increases intraurethral pressure) favoring urinary retention. Parasympathetic outflow stimulates contraction (raises intravesicular pressure) favoring voiding. Normal bladder post-void residual is…
