Multiple gestations refer to a pregnancy with more than one fetus. A twin pregnancy is when two fetuses develop in the uterus simultaneously. Multiple gestations are associated with a higher rate of almost every potential complication of pregnancy, excluding post-term delivery and…
Mastitis is a regional infection of the breast. It commonly occurs in lactating mothers due to bacterial infection and/or obstruction of the milk duct. It is a clinical diagnosis
Septic thrombophlebitis is characterised by a venous thrombus, inflammation of the vein, and pus formation. It can affect superficial or deep veins. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative organism. Septic thrombophlebitis is suspected when there is: Causes of septic thrombophlebitis Category/Vessel Causes Nota…
Atelectasis is the partial or complete collapse of a lung due to deflation of air in the alveoli. Types of atelectasis Type Description Obstructive atelectasis Due to blockage within the airways. It is also known as absorptive atelectasis. Non-obstructive atelectasis Due to pressure…
Uterotonics stimulate uterine contractions, compress uterine blood vessels, and reduce postpartum bleeding. They are the first-line treatment for uterine atony. Uterotonics Oxytocin Carbetocin Ergometrine Dinoprost Carboprost Misoprostol Uses Augmentation of labour and PPH Prevention of PPH PPH Severe PPH Severe PPH Mechanism…
Uterine atony is the absence of adequate uterine tone after delivery. Blood vessels in the endometrium and myometrium are insufficiently compressed, leading to haemorrhage. Uterine compression sutures Suture type Advantage Consideration B-lynch suture A single continuous suture that exerts even pressure. It…
Retained products of conception (RPOCs) are a common cause of both early and late postpartum haemorrhage.
Uterine inversion is the inside-out collapse of the uterine fundus through the endometrial cavity. The fundus may protrude through the cervix and into the vagina. Grades of uterine inversion Degree Description First-degree inversion The fundus inverted up to the cervix Second-degree inversion…
Mittelschmerz is German for “Middle pain”. It is classically a one-sided lower abdominal pain coinciding with ovulation. Abdominal pain may last for minutes up to 48 hours. It may be due to peritoneal irritation caused by free fluid when the follicle ruptures. It…
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop within the ovaries. They can be simple or complex, functional or pathological, or benign or malignant. Ovarian cysts are very common; many are asymptomatic. Ovarian cysts Cyst Description Follicular cyst A follicular cyst forms when the follicle…