Uterine inversion is the inside-out collapse of the uterine fundus through the endometrial cavity. The fundus may protrude through the cervix and into the vagina. Grades of uterine inversion Degree Description First-degree inversion The fundus inverted up to the cervix Second-degree inversion…
Mittelschmerz is German for “Middle pain”. It is classically a one-sided lower abdominal pain coinciding with ovulation. Abdominal pain may last for minutes up to 48 hours. It may be due to peritoneal irritation caused by free fluid when the follicle ruptures. It…
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop within the ovaries. They can be simple or complex, functional or pathological, or benign or malignant. Ovarian cysts are very common; many are asymptomatic. Ovarian cysts Cyst Description Follicular cyst A follicular cyst forms when the follicle…
Primary ovarian neoplasms are tumours that arise from the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or peritoneum. Malignant ovarian tumours are one of the deadliest cancers because they present with vague symptoms and are often diagnosed late. Classification of ovarian tumours Category Description…
Cervical polyps are sessile or pedunculated masses that are often found incidentally during a cervical exam. They are asymptomatic and almost always benign. They can be removed since their presence can “mask” other serious causes of vaginal bleeding.
Cervical fibroids are tumours (leiomyomas) which are found in the cervix. Their symptoms depend on their size, and they can be confused with cervical cancer.
Cervical stenosis is the narrowing or obliteration of the cervical canal. It may be congenital or acquired. Mild cervical stenosis is usually asymptomatic. The inability to pass a 1 – 2 mm probe into the uterine cavity is diagnostic for cervical stenosis.
Candida albicans commonly causes vaginal candidiasis, but other Candida species may also cause it. It is not sexually transmitted, but its risk increases with sexual contact.
Bacterial vaginosis is the most common lower genital tract infection in women of reproductive age. It is caused by Gardnerella vaginalis. Amsel criteria: At least 3 of the following 4 findings are needed to confirm the diagnosis. The exact mechanism is unknown, but it…
Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. Most cases are asymptomatic. The protozoa have a predilection for epithelial cells. Men can carry the protozoa but are not affected by them. It is the most prevalent non-viral STI. It…