Neurosyphilis occurs when Treponema pallidum infects the central nervous system. It can occur at any stage of syphilis. Classification Category Description Early neurosyphilis Asymptomatic This is the most common form. There are no neurological symptoms with abnormal CSF findings Meningeal (< 1…
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that is transmitted through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes after contact with individuals with early (primary and secondary) syphilis. It is caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum – the “great imitator” since it mimics other diseases*.*…
Chlamydia trachomatis is a gram-negative, ovoid, non-motile, obligate intracellular bacterium. It is the second most common non-viral STI after trichomoniasis.
Neisseria gonorrhoea is a Gram-negative coccobacillus that has a propensity to infect the columnar or transitional epithelium at the endocervix and urethra. It may also infect the Bartholin and/or Skene’s glands. Most cases of gonorrheal urethritis/cervicitis are asymptomatic, especially in women.
Chancroid (soft chancre) is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. It affects the skin and mucous membranes of the genital tract.
HSV-1 or HSV-2 causes genital herpes. It can manifest as a primary or chronic/recurrent infection.
Overview Hypoxia is defined as inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues to meet metabolic demands. Hypoxaemia is a low arterial oxygen concentration (low PaO2). It is one of the causes of hypoxia. A-a Gradient The A-a gradient measures the difference between oxygen concentration in the…
Twin anaemia polycythemia syndrome (TAPS) is a rare complication of monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twins that is characterised by chronic slow transfusion of RBCs. The donor twin experiences anaemia while the recipient twin has polycythemia. TAPS occurs spontaneously in 3 – 5% of MCDA or after incomplete…
