Carcinoma of the Prostate Prostate cancer is an adenocarcinoma that is usually located in the peripheral zone of the prostate. It commonly spreads to bones and lymph nodes. Localized cancer is often asymptomatic since it develops in the periphery of…
Varicocele A varicocele is an abnormal enlargement and tortuosity of the pampiniform venos plexus due to proximal obstruction in the spermatic vein. Sarteschic grading of varicoceles Grade Varicosities Reflux Testicular hypertrophy Grade I No visible varicosity. Reflux is only provoked…
Hydrocele A hydrocele is an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in some part of the processus vaginalis (most commonly in the tunica vaginalis). It is closely related to indirect inguinal hernias and can be due to a patent processus vaginalis.…
Epididymitis Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis. Classified into acute, chronic (> 6 weeks), and recurrent epididymitis. It is a clinical diagnosis. Acute epididymitis is usually infectious (following UTI or STI), whereas chronic epididymitis is due to untreated acute epididymitis,…
Testicular Torsion Testicular torsion is the sudden twisting of the spermatic cord due to a poorly secured testis. Commonly occurs in neonates and adolescent men (10-25 yo). It is a true surgical EMERGENCY. There is a strangulation of the blood…
Overview Primary brain tumors are the most common solid tumor in children and the second-leading overall cause of cancer death (after leukemia). Primary brain tumors are relatively less common in adults but are still the seventh-leading cause of cancer death…
Gastrointestinal polyps are mucosal projections within the gastrointestinal tract. Grossly, they may be described as either sessile or pedunculated. They commonly occur in the colon and rectum but may also occur in the oesophagus, stomach and intestines. Non-neoplastic polyps Non-neoplastic…
Colorectal cancer Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second most common cause of death from cancer. The incidence is increasing in Sub-Saharan Africa and in younger patients. Rectal cancer is as common as colon cancer. Screening…
Fournier’s Gangrene Fournier’s Gangrene is necrotising fasciitis of the perineum and external genitalia that can spread rapidly to the anterior abdominal wall (Meleney gangrene) and gluteal muscles. Urogenital causes of Fournier’s gangrene begin with necrosis of the anterior triangle, while…
Overview Bacterial infections of the skin and soft tissue can be classified as complicated and uncomplicated. Classification Description Examples Uncomplicated skin infections Involve superficial regions of the skin and appendages Impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis, folliculitis, and simple abscesses Complicated skin infections…
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