Hypertensive emergency, also known as symptomatic essential hypertension, is defined as hypertension with organ-specific symptoms. The blood pressure is usually >180/110 mmHg. It is characterised by hypertension (x1) with neurological, cardiac, or renal symptoms. Definition of terms Term Definition Malignant…
Essential hypertension is characterised by 3 abnormal readings and no symptoms of any underlying cause. Essential hypertension is 20 times more common than secondary hypertension. Blood Pressure Cutoffs Blood Pressure Cutoff Population BP > 130/90 (x3) Cutoff for patients with…
Hypertensive heart disease is characterized by concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle and ischaemic changes, in the absence of any other conditions that cause left ventricular hypertrophy, e.g., aortic stenosis or cardiomyopathy.
Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are structural abnormalities of the heart and intrathoracic great vessels that arise during fetal development. CHDs are the most common congenital disorders, and the most common cause of death in children with congenital malformations. They occur…
Hirschsprung’s disease is a congenital disorder characterised by the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in the Meissner and Auerbach plexus of a segment of the distal colon. This is thought to be due to the failure of neural crest cell…
An imperforate anus is a congenital condition where the normal anal opening is absent. It is often associated with abnormal pelvic muscles, sphincters, and innervation. It may include fistulas opening into the vaginal vault or perineum, colourethral fistulas, or a…