Distinguish between resident and non-resident connective tissue cells and give examples in each class Resident cells Non-resident cells Characteristics Stable – exhibit little movement and stay permanently in the tissue These cells have migrated into the tissue from blood in…
As regards membranous proteins, distinguish between carrier proteins, channel proteins, and pumps Carrier proteins Channels Pumps Function Binds specific molecules and changes their conformation to transport them across the cell membrane Allows passive diffusion of ions, small molecules and water…
Plasma cell dyscrasias involve the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells. These B-cell clones synthesize and secrete a single monoclonal immunoglobulin or its fragments, e.g., free light chains and free heavy chains. These monoclonal immunoglobulins are termed M proteins and appear…
Overview Lymphomas are tumours arising from lymphoid cells. They have a much less dramatic presentation than leukaemias, and are classified into 2 major groups – Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma – based on morphology and immunophenotype. Definition of terms Term…
Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders that are characterised by dysplastic and ineffective haematopoiesis. This leads to abnormal growth of pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow, causing deficiencies affecting several cell lines. It is sometimes referred to as…
Myeloproliferative neoplasms are abnormal proliferations of one or more terminal myeloid cell lines in the peripheral blood. They are characterised by extramedullary hematopoiesis, myelofibrosis, and transformation to acute leukaemia. Myeloproliferative neoplasms Chronic myeloid leukaemia Polycythaemia vera Essential thrombocythaemia Primary myelofibrosis…
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is characterised by a progressive accumulation of monoclonal, mature, non-functional B lymphocytes. It is usually discovered on routine blood tests as an isolated lymphocytosis. It is defined by a > 5000/uL B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood that…
Acute Leukaemia is an abnormal proliferation of blasts in either the myeloid or lymphoid cell lines. The rapidly proliferating blasts dramatically affect the bone marrow, leading to pancytopaenia. Compared to chronic leukaemia, acute leukaemia is more common in younger patients.…