Overview Hypertensive Retinopathy is a disease of the retinal and choroidal vasculature due to severe acute or chronic hypertension. Chronic hypertensive retinopathy is more common and is predominantly seen in older patients. Disease Process Cause Patients Acute hypertensive retinopathy Sudden,…
Overview Diabetic retinopathy is the breakdown of retinal vasculature due to persistent hyperglycemia. It usually occurs in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. All patients with a new diagnosis of T2DM should be referred to an ophthalmologist for baseline evaluation. The…
Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited retinal disorder. Visual loss usually begins in childhood. It involves the loss of photoreceptors (rods and cones) by apoptosis. Rod death precedes cone death. Night and peripheral vision are lost progressively. It results in a…
Overview Dacyrocystitis is an inflammation of the lacrimal sac usually as a result of obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. It is the most frequent disorder affecting the lower lacrimal system and usually occurs unilaterally. It may present acutely or chronically…
Overview Dacryoadenitis is the inflammation of the lacrimal glands. It may present acutely or chronically. It may occur unilaterally or bilaterally and there are multiple causes which can be broadly classified into: It occurs commonly in children and young adults…
High-Risk Pregnancies A high-risk pregnancy is a pregnancy in which the mother, fetus, or**, newborn is or will be at an increased risk of morbidity or mortality**, happening before, during, or after delivery. They can lead to serious maternal, obstetric,…
Overview Anaemia is a common condition affecting more than half (57%) of pregnant women in Sub-saharan Africa. It is defined as a reduction in the hemoglobin concentration of the blood or red blood cell mass below the normal range for…
Overview NYHA functional classification of heart failure (Symptoms = fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea) NYHA Class Symptoms at rest Symptoms during activity I No No II No Mild III No Severe IV Yes Severe Maternal mortality risk Risk for maternal mortality Conditions…
Overview The goal of managing diabetes in pregnancy includes providing necessary nutrients for the mother and fetus, controlling glucose levels, and preventing starvation ketosis. Women without persistent fasting hyperglycemia (A1) can be put on diet restriction. Priscilla White Classification of…
Overview Pregnancy is a hypercoagulable state, with an increases risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). All clotting factors increase (apart from factor XI and XIII) and stasis in lower limb vessels increases due to compression of…