History Maternal and paternal medical and genetic History Maternal Obstetric History Anteparturm and Intrapartum History Assessment of gestational age and size The most reliable method of estimating gestation age is the LNMP. Other methods include sonography or Ballard method (among…
Laryngomalacia is caused by an immature, constricted larynx with poor structural support and/or tone. The weak and immature cartilages of the infant collapse on inspiration causing the noisy breathing characteristic of this condition. It is the most common congenital laryngeal…
Choanal atresia is a congenital defect in which the openings that connect the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx (choanae) are occluded, either by soft tissue, bone, or both. (90% bony, 10% membranous and 5% mixed) It is more common in…
Overview Stridor is a high pitched monophonic sound produced by irregular flow of air through a narrowed passage. It points to significant airway obstruction. It can generally be classified as inspiratory, expiratory or biphasic depending on the phase of respiration…
Overview This is making an opening in the anterior wall of the trachea converting it into a stoma on the skin surface. Whenever possible, endotracheal intubation should be attempted first. Tracheostomy can be done under local or general anesthesia. Types…
Congenital Neck Masses Location Typical age Physical exam Treatment Thyroglossal duct cyst Midline School-aged Firm, Non-tender, Elevates with tongue protrusion Surgical excision Branchial cleft cyst Anterior triangle, pre-auricular School-aged Firm, non-tender Surgical excision Cystic hygroma Posterior triangle Infant Diffuse neck…
Overview The larynx is the second most common site of head and neck cancer. It accounts for 1-5% of all malignancies. The mean age of laryngeal cancer presentation is 40-70 years. It has a 5-year survival rate of 65%. Sites…
Adenoids Adenoids, also referred to as the nasopharyngeal tonsil, are pyramidal-shaped structures with the apex of the pyramid pointing towards the nasal septum and the base situated at the junction of the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx. It…
Palatine Tonsils The palatine tonsils are part of the Waldeyer ring which is an annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the subepithelial layer of the pharynx. Other lymphoid aggregates that are part of the Waldeyer ring include the include: There…
Pharyngitis is infection and inflammation of the pharynx. It is usually viral. Bacterial pharyngitis is associated with Streptococcus pyogenes (will not have a significant cough) Modified Centor Criteria CENTOR Component C Cough absent E Exudate (pharyngeal) N Nodes (tender, cervical)…