Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a serious complication that occurs in monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twins. It is caused by unequal blood flow due to abnormal vascular connections in the shared placenta. The donor twin experiences hypovolemia, growth restriction and oligohydramnios while the recipient twin experiences hypervolemia, polyhydramnios and the…
Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a dilated cardiomyopathy which occurs in the last month of pregnancy and may last up to 5 months post-partum. It is characterised by left ventricular systolic dysfunction – LVEF < 45% – in the absence of any other possible…
The ZAHARA score or CARPREG score can be used to assess the risk of adverse cardiac events during pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease. Pregnancy is contraindicated with Class IV congenital heart disease. Modified WHO classification of CHD in pregnancy…
Rheumatic heart disease is a common cause of acquired heart disease in pregnancy. Causes of acquired heart disease in pregnancy Cause Comment Mitral stenosis This is the most common structural heart defect Aortic stenosis This commonly occurs due to a bicuspid…
Pregestational diabetes is type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes that exists before pregnancy. The most common form is type 2 diabetes. Classification of pregestational (overt) diabetes Class Key Feature B Diabetes begins after age 20 and has been present < 10 years. No…
Gestational diabetes mellitus is glucose intolerance that is first recognised during pregnancy. Screening for gestational diabetes is performed at 24 – 28 weeks. Classification of gestational diabetes Class Description A1 Controlled with diet and lifestyle measures A2 Requires pharmacologic treatment Positive…
A 40-year-old male presents after being struck on the back of his wrist by a heavy metal object at work. He has localised pain on the radial side of his wrist, limited wrist movement and swelling.
OB/GYN differentials for chronic pelvic pain Urologic differentials for chronic pelvic pain Gastrointestinal differentials for chronic pelvic pain Musculoskeletal differentials for chronic pelvic pain Neurologic differentials for chronic pelvic pain Other differentials for chronic pelvic pain
An arcuate uterus occurs when the septal dimple on the cranial uterus persists: the septal dimple is a small remnant of the septum. It is an incidental finding on MRI and is associated with no obstetric complications.
A septate uterus occurs when the membranous uterine septum, which separates the two Müllerian ducts, persists.Like a bicornuate uterus, it can be partial or complete. The difference from a didelphys uterus or a bicornuate uterus is that it has a normal fundal…