How fractures occur A fracture is a break in the structural continuity of bone. Simply put, it is a broken bone. Types of fractures Type Description Complete fracture Bone is completely divided into 2 or more fragments Incomplete fracture Bone…
Hyperthyroidism is caused by an elevation of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4). Classification Classification Description Examples Primary hyperthyroidism Elevated thyroid hormone due to increased autonomous production by the thyroid gland. Has a low TSH, high T3, and T4 Grave’s disease,…
DKA vs HHS vs EDKA DKA HHS EKDA Predominant feature Ketonemia and high anion gap metabolic acidosis Very high glucose and serum osmolality Ketonemia and high anion gap metabolic acidosis Glucose >13.9 >33.3 Normal (<11) Ketones > 3 mmol/L in…
Diabetes is an endocrine disease caused by a lack of insulin or reduced insulin effectiveness. The main metabolic derangement is hyperglycaemia, which can lead to serious microvascular and macrovascular complications. Both Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have the same…
Basic Anaesthetic Monitoring ASA has prescribed standards for basic anaesthetic monitoring. Standard Statement Standard I A qualified anaesthesia personnel shall be present in the room throughout the conduct of all general anaesthetics, regional anaesthetics and monitored anaesthesia care Standard II…
History 46-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a 1-day history of constant right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Q1. What are the differentials for right upper quadrant and epigastric abdominal pain? The pain began after eating fried pork. She…
History A 23-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a 12-hour history of right lower quadrant (RLQ) abdominal pain. Q1. What are the differentials for RLQ abdominal pain? Q2. What are the differentials for RLQ abdominal pain in women?…
History A 29-year-old man presents with yellow discoloration of the eyes Q1. What is jaundice? Q2. At what concentration of conjugated bilirubin is jaundice visible? Q3. What is the earliest sign of jaundice? Q4. Where else can jaundice be appreciated?…
History A 45-year-old male motorcyclist is brought to the Emergency Department after hitting the rear-end of a car at highway speeds. He was wearing a helmet but was thrown from his motorcycle. He was found awake in the field by…
History A 17-year-old girl with a history of Type I Diabetes Mellitus is brought to the Emergency Department with nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and dehydration Q1. What is the most likely diagnosis? Q2. What other symptoms are associated with DKA? Q3.…
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