Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema is fluid accumulation in the alveoli and lung interstitium due to heart failure. It is characterized by increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP > 10 mmHg) secondary to ineffective lung filling or pumping. Classification of pulmonary oedema…
The overall strategy for managing congestive heart failure is to reduce pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and thereby decrease pulmonary oedema. Pulmonary pressure can be reduced by increasing stroke volume, increasing left ventricular ejection fraction, reducing systemic vascular resistance (afterload), increasing heart…
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a disorder of the pumping or filling ability of the heart. The most common cause is coronary artery disease and chronic hypertension. It commonly presents with symptoms suggesting volume overload. According to the American Heart…
Antihypertensives Antihypertensives are a group of drugs that are used to lower blood pressure. They mainly consist of vasodilators and diuretics Antihypertensives, their major side effects, and their indications Class Side effects Indications Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEi) Hyperkalemia, Cough,…
Hypertension is defined as blood pressure >140-90mmHg on 3 separate readings. Hypertension has many causes and many complications. The majority of patients with hypertension are asymptomatic. This is why screening should be performed every 3 years. Hypertension is the greatest…
Overview Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as a disease state characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow obstruction. 75% of COPD patients are long-time smokers. COPD includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis and most patients have features of both.…
Overview Asthma is an acute or sub-acute inflammation of the airways, precipitated by a variety of factors that result in bronchial hyperactivity and airway obstruction. The cause is idiopathic. Varies in degrees of severity and chronicity. Mild attacks may linger…
Overview Cervical screening is one of the cornerstones of a gynaecological visit. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is commonly diagnosed between 20 and 30 years. Carcinoma in Situ is commonly diagnosed between 35 and 45 years. It takes approximately 10 years…
Anatomy The thyroid is a bi-lobed shield-shaped organ located anteriorly in the neck that is responsible for the production of thyroid hormones and calcitonin. It has a right and left lobe connected by the isthmus. Each lobe has a superior…
Small Bowel Obstruciton Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract at the level of the small intestine. It is a common surgical condition. It is mostly caused by mechanical obstruction of the bowel (intraluminal or extraluminal). Aetiology…