Overview 2 separate Blood Pressure (BP) readings >140/90 mmHg at least 4 hours apart are needed to diagnose hypertension. All pregnant patients with hypertension should get a urinalysis to look for proteinuria. No or trace proteinuria (<300 mg/dL) Proteinuria (≥…
Antepartum Hemorrhage Antepartum hemorrhage is bleeding from late 2nd trimester to delivery (around 20-24 weeks and beyond). All causes of antepartum hemorrhage risk the complications of preterm delivery and fetal death. Differentials for antepartum hemorrhage Classification Differentials Cervical Cervicitis, cervical…
Overview Approximately 25% of pregnancies experience bleeding in the first trimester. Most women need to be reassured since 50% of the time the pregnancy will go on uncomplicated. Lower abdominal pain and heavy bleeding are associated with an increased risk…
Antepartum foetal surveillance is done after 24 weeks for high-risk pregnancies or for mothers who are concerned about reduced foetal movements. It should not modify an otherwise normal pregnancy and should not provide a false sense of well-being or impending compromise.
Overview Antenatal care is the care provided by skilled healthcare professionals to pregnant women and adolescent girls in order to ensure the best health conditions or outcomes for both mom and baby during pregnancy. It is a great opportunity to…
Overview of Physiologic Changes in Pregnancy System Changes Cardiovascular changes Increased heart rate by 10 – 15 bpm, increased stroke volume and cardiac output, increased intravascular volume, decreased systemic vascular resistance, decreased blood pressure in the first and second trimester…
Overview Pregnancy is the state of having products of conception in the uterus or elsewhere, be it normally or abnormally. Amenorrhea is the most common presentation of pregnancy. Pregnancy states Term Definition Intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) Products of conception are implantated…
A stroke is a sudden onset of brain dysfunction due to alterations in cerebrovascular blood supply. It is acute in onset and presents with focal neurological deficits (95% of the time). The difference between a stroke and a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is that a…
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a syndrome of decreased renal function which is reflected by an increase in serum creatinine or a decrease in urine output that occurs over hours-days. KDIGO defines AKI as: Rise in serum creatinine > 26 umol/L within 48 hours Rise in…
Overview Respiratory infection Description Bronchitis Inflammation of the airway. Predisposition in COPD. Pulmonary abscess Abscess of the pulmonary tissue. Predisposition in aspiration, loss of consciousness, poor dentition Pneumonia Infection of the lung parenchyma Common Causative Organisms