Insulin Insulin formulations Formulation Examples Nota bene Rapid-acting Lispro, aspart, glulisine Typically given before meals Short-acting Regular insulin, NPH/regular preparations (75/25, 70/30, 50/50) Intermediate-acting Non-proteated Hagedorn (NPH) First-line insulin. May be prescribed along-side soluble insulin seperately or as pre-mixed solution.…
Oral Glucose Lowering Agents (OGLAs) Class Example Biguanides Metofrmin SGLT-2 inhibitors Canagliflozin, empagliflozin, dapagliflozin GLP-1 agonists Exenatide, liraglutide, semaglutide DPP-4 inhibitors Sitagliptin, linagliptin Sulfonylureas Glipizide, gliburide, chlorpropamide Thiazolidinediones Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone Prescribing OGLAs Metformin Metformin is a biguanide. It is one…
Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism is a deficiency of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. The presentation of thyroid disease can be subtle and non-specific since almost all cell nuclei have thyroid receptors which affect various metabolic processes. Prognosis is good if treated…
Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterised by low bone mineral density and microarchitectural defects. This leads to increased fragility and susceptibility to fracture. It is commonly asymptomatic until fractures happen. It is diagnosed objectively using a DEXA Scan with…
Overview Frykman classification of distal radius fracture (based on joint involvement +/- ulnar styloid fracture) Classification Description Type I Transverse extra-articular fracture of the distal radial metaphysis Type II Type I + ulnar styloid Type III Fracture extends into radiocarpal…
Paediatric Ankle Fracture Ankle fractures are common in children and range from very simple to complex Salter-Harris type Treatment Type I and II Closed reduction and casting Type III and IV Closed reduction and external fixation
Paediatric Femoral Shaft Fracture Femoral shaft fractures are the most common fracture-related indication for admission in paediatrics. However, they only account for about 2% of paediatric fractures. Femoral shaft fractures should prompt concern for non-accidental injury in patients < 3…
Paediatric Hip Fractures Hip fractures typically result from high-energy trauma. They may also be pathologic. Hip fracture children Fracture Treatment Femoral neck fracture Hip spica cast if non-displaced. ORIF if displaced Trochanteric femur fracture Closed reduction and casting Sub-trochanteric femur…
Distal femur fractures invole the distal metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction of the femur +/- intra-articular extention to the femoral condyles. Majority of distal femur fractures are treated operatively. Fractures of the distal femur account for 7% of femur fractures. Like most fractures…
Physeal Injuries Injury to the growth plates can lead to premature growth arrest or angulation deformity. Shortening occurs due to a complete arrest, while angulation occurs due to an incomplete arrest. Treatment depends on the injury (closed reduction vs ORIF…