Ectopic Pregnancy An ectopic pregnancy occurs when the embryo implants somewhere other than the endometrial cavity (95% in the fallopian tubes of which 70% occur in the tubal ampulla). A clinical triad of abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding and a pelvic…
Abortion Miscarriage (abortion) is defined as termination of pregnancy before 24 weeks gestation OR when fetal weight is estimated to be < 500g. The most common cause of pregnancy loss in the first trimester is fetal genetic abnormalities (aneuploidies e.g.…
Overview Early pregnancy bleeding is per vaginal bleeding before viability (WHO < 20 weeks gestation date or < 500 g fetal weight) Approximately 25% of pregnancie s experience bleeding in the first trimester. Most women need to be reassured since…
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is the most common cause of respiratory distress in preterm neonates. It is caused by insufficient surfactant production at < 34 weeks of gestation. Antenatal steroids reduce the risk of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome by…
Overview Dehydration is a potentially life-threatening condition in which the body has insufficient water for normal functioning. Volume depletion refers to the loss of both electrolytes and water. Percentage of body weight composed of water according to age group Age…
Cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement and posture due to a non-progressive brain injury or malformation, which results in permanent neurological damage. The most common cause is anoxic brain injury during the perinatal period or before 2 years of…
Refeeding syndrome is a group of clinical findings that is caused by fluid and electrolyte changes during nutritional rehabilitation of severely ill and malnourished patients. One common complication is severe hypophosphatemia. The most common cause of death in refeeding syndrome…
ADHD is characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that is inconsistent with the patient’s developmental age and results in difficulty functioning in at least two settings (at home, school, or work). At least 6 inattentive and/or hyperactive/impulsive symptoms are…
DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder Persistent deficits in social communication and social interactions across multiple contexts Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests – at least 2 of these: Pervasive Developmental Disorders Autism Spectrum Disorder Autism is derived from the…
What cannot be communicated to the mother, cannot be communicated to the self – John Bowlby Changes DSM-IV to DSM-V Overview Mental health in childhood and adolescence is defined as the achievement of expected developmental, cognitive, social, and emotional milestones,…