Drugs Used in Diabetes Mellitus Class Example Biguanides Metofrmin SGLT-2 inhibitors Canagliflozin, empagliflozin, dapagliflozin GLP-1 agonists Exenatide, liraglutide, semaglutide DPP-4 inhibitors Sitagliptin, linagliptin Sulfonylureas Glipizide, gliburide, chlorpropamide Thiazolidinediones Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone Metformin Metformin – a biguanide – is one of the…
Hypothyroidism is a deficiency of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. The presentation of hypothyroidism can be subtle and non-specific since almost all cell nuclei have thyroid receptors, which affect various metabolic processes. Prognosis is good if treated, but it…
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterised by low bone mineral density and microarchitectural defects. This leads to increased fragility and susceptibility to fracture. It is commonly asymptomatic until fractures happen. It is diagnosed objectively using a DEXA Scan with a…
Overview Frykman classification of distal radius fracture (based on joint involvement +/- ulnar styloid fracture) Classification Description Type I Transverse extra-articular fracture of the distal radial metaphysis Type II Type I + ulnar styloid Type III Fracture extends into the…
Ankle fractures are common in children and range from very simple to complex Salter-Harris type Treatment Type I and II Closed reduction and casting Type III and IV Closed reduction and external fixation
Femoral shaft fractures are the most common fracture-related indication for admission in paediatrics. However, they only account for about 2% of paediatric fractures. Femoral shaft fractures should prompt concern for non-accidental injury in patients < 3 years old. Age Treatment…
Paediatric Hip Fractures Hip fractures typically result from high-energy trauma. They may also be pathological. Hip fractures in children Fracture Treatment Femoral neck fracture Hip spica cast if non-displaced. ORIF if displaced Trochanteric femur fracture Closed reduction and casting Sub-trochanteric…
Distal femur fractures involve the distal metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction of the femur +/- intra-articular extension to the femoral condyles. The majority of distal femur fractures are treated operatively. Fractures of the distal femur account for 7% of femur fractures. Like most…
Injury to the growth plates can lead to premature growth arrest or angulation deformity. Shortening occurs due to a complete arrest, while angulation occurs due to an incomplete arrest. Treatment depends on the injury (closed reduction vs ORIF vs CRPP).…
Supracondylar Fractures Elbow fracture account for 10% of childhood fractures. Supracondylar fractures are the most common paediatric elbow injury and will form the bulk of the discussion below. Elbow fractures have a high incidence of neurovascular complication at the distal…