Distal femur fractures involve the distal metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction of the femur +/- intra-articular extension to the femoral condyles. The majority of distal femur fractures are treated operatively. Fractures of the distal femur account for 7% of femur fractures. Like most…
Injury to the growth plates can lead to premature growth arrest or angulation deformity. Shortening occurs due to a complete arrest, while angulation occurs due to an incomplete arrest. Treatment depends on the injury (closed reduction vs ORIF vs CRPP).…
Supracondylar Fractures Elbow fracture account for 10% of childhood fractures. Supracondylar fractures are the most common paediatric elbow injury and will form the bulk of the discussion below. Elbow fractures have a high incidence of neurovascular complication at the distal…
Scaphoid Fracture The scaphoid lies obliquely across the two rows of carpal bones and is in line with the thumb and forearm. Fracture is commonly caused by forced carpal movement and compression (fall on dorsiflexed hand). The fracture can occur…
Femoral Shaft Fracture Femoral shaft fractures are fractures of the diaphysis of the femur. They have a bimodal distribution with high-energy mechanisms in young individuals and low-energy mechanisms in older osteoporotic patients. Closed fractures can lose 1000 – 1500 ml…
Femoral neck fractures are intra-capsular fractures of the proximal femur, located at the neck of the femur between the trochanteric line and head of the femur. They are associated with avascular necrosis of the head of the femur, impaired healing,…
Overview Operative management of fractures achieves anatomic alignment and stable fixation, allowing early mobilisation. It can be considered in fractures that are unstable, displaced, intra-articular, open, or associated with polytrauma, neurovascular compromised and failed conservative treatment. Closed or open techniques…
Pelvic ring fractures commonly occur in young individuals due to high-energy mechanisms, whereas those in the elderly population are caused by low-energy mechanisms (e.g., a fall from ground level). The most common cause of death from a pelvic ring fracture…
Chronic Shoulder Instability and Dislocation Dislocations make the shoulder joint prone to further episodes. Repeated episodes can lead to chronic shoulder instability, where the laxity of the shoulder joint causes the head of the humerus to not remain consistently in…
Rotator Cuff Injury The rotator cuff is a group of 4 muscles and their tendons that form a cuff which stabilises the humerus within the glenoid cavity. They provide dynamic stability and strength to the shoulder joint. Rotator cuff injuries…