Overview Condition Pathogen Laryngitis Viral Laryngotracheobronchitis Parainfluenza virus Spasmodic croup Several viruses and allergic cause Epiglottitis Haemophilus influenza Type B; Gram + bacteria Bacterial tracheitis S. aureus Foreign body obstruction N/A (Foreign body) Laryngitis Inflammation of the larynx. Corynebacterium diphtheria…
Overview Rickets is an impairment of bone mineralization prior to epiphyseal closure. The most common cause of rickets is Vitamin D deficiency (does not occur naturally in foods, needs fortification/supplementation). Rickets manifests as skeletal malformations Vitamin D-related rickets Vitamin D…
Overview Failure to thrive is failure to grow at the expected rate given the child’s age. Historically divided into organic and non-organic (environmental) causes. Perform investigations if non-organic causes are not suspected. Subtypes of FTT Misconceptions about FTT Common non-organic…
Overview Malnutrition is defined as a lack of macronutrients (calories) OR a lack of micronutrients (Vitamins, minerals). For this discussion, we will consider undernutrition in terms of inadequate consumption of macronutrients. Weight, height, and age For children, percentiles using growth…
Summary of important social milestones Age Milestones 1 month old Prefers human faces, reacts to voice, establishes eye contact 2 months old Social smile 4 months old Sustained social smile, laughs 6 months old Prefers caretaker, stranger anxiety starts 9…
Summary of important motor milestones Age Milestones 1 month old Raise head off table 2 months old Hold head steady while sitting in lap 4 months old Lift head above plane; grasp objectsl; 2x birthweight 6 months old Transfer objects…
Overview Cardiac Arrest Refers to sudden loss of pulse, drop in blood pressure, and loss of perfusion. Death results in 5 minutes without proper resuscitation (but brain damage results earlier than this). This is a medical emergency. Can be idiopathic.…
Overview Pulmonary edema where the heart is to blame. Increases in pulmonary pressure (PCWP) are secondary to ineffective filling/pumping of the heart. This is the most common presentation of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). The patient can go into respiratory fatigue.…
Overview Diagnosis of CHF at presentation is usually done on chest X-ray. Acutely, IV ACEi and IV lasix will lead to the quickest resolution of symptoms. Once admitted, transition to PO ACEi and PO Lasix, then start a Beta Blocker.…
Overview Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a disorder of the pumping or filling ability of the heart. The most common cause is coronary artery disease (Systolic) and chronic hypertension (diastolic). It is a significant morbidity of myocardial infarction (MI) (watch…