Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited retinal disorder. Visual loss usually begins in childhood. It involves the loss of photoreceptors (rods and cones) by apoptosis. Rod death precedes cone death. Night and peripheral vision are lost progressively. It results in a…
High-Risk Pregnancies A high-risk pregnancy is a pregnancy in which the mother, fetus, or**, newborn is or will be at an increased risk of morbidity or mortality**, happening before, during, or after delivery. They can lead to serious maternal, obstetric,…
Overview NYHA functional classification of heart failure (Symptoms = fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea) NYHA Class Symptoms at rest Symptoms during activity I No No II No Mild III No Severe IV Yes Severe Maternal mortality risk Risk for maternal mortality Conditions…
Overview The goal of managing diabetes in pregnancy includes providing necessary nutrients for the mother and fetus, controlling glucose levels, and preventing starvation ketosis. Women without persistent fasting hyperglycemia (A1) can be put on diet restriction. Priscilla White Classification of…
Overview Pregnancy is a hypercoagulable state, with an increases risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). All clotting factors increase (apart from factor XI and XIII) and stasis in lower limb vessels increases due to compression of…
Overview Postpartum fever is defined as a temperature > 38. 7 C in the first 24 hours postpartum or > 38 C on any two of the first 10 days post-partum. The MCC of postpartum fever is endometritis. Complicates approximately…
Overview Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is classically defined as blood loss of greater than 500 mL in vaginal delivery or 1000 mL at Caeserian. ACOG defines it as a 10% drop in hematocrit or need for transfusion. Most clinicians rely on…
Post-partum Care Postpartum is a general term for the period of time following childbirth. “Postpartum,” as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), starts one hour after the delivery of the placenta and includes the first six weeks after childbirth. The…
Pelvic Floor Fistula (Overview) Pelvic floor fistulas are abnormal connections between two epithelialized surfaces within the pelvis. There are mainly two types, rectrovaginal fistula (RVF) and vesicovaginal fistula (VVF). Surgery is the primary treatment for fistula. Despite successful closure of…
Overview Approximately 20% of labour involves dystocia. Labour abnormalities can be classified as disorders of protraction and disorders of arrest. .Remember that Labour is defined as regular contractions (every 5 minutes lasting ~ 30 secs.) accompanied by cervical dilation and…