Paediatric Burns Additional measures when treating burns in children should be considered since their anatomy and physiology is different compared to adults. In addition, children may have special psychososcial and educational needs when it comes to burns. Majority of burns…
Pre-Hospital Treatment and First Aid Outpatient management Outpatient management is reserved for burns that cover <10% BSA (<5% in children and elderly) and no third-degree burns. Treatment involves disinfection, dressing, and pain management. Inpatient observation overnight is recommended for patients…
Overview The severity of burns can be assessed by determining the size, depth, site, inhalation injuries, and other injuries. Size (Extent) The seize of a burn is estimated as a percentage (%) of total body surface area (TBSA). Knowing the…
Overview A burn is defined as the response of the skin, mucous membrane, and subcutaneous tissues to thermal and other few non-thermal injuries. Treatment of burns is complex (hence the need for specialised burn centres), and depends on the site…
General principles of head injury Scalp The Scalp is very vascular and bleeds a lot (messy, but rarely causes shock). The patient’s Hx is very important in making the differentials for a head injury. Monroe-Kellie Doctrine The Monroe-Kellie Doctrine states…
Chronic otitis media is a long-standing infection of the middle ear (> 6 weeks) characterized by ear discharge and permanent perforation. The incidence of COM is high in developing countries. It affects both sexes equally and all age groups. It…
Otitis media with effusion, AKA Serous Otitis Media, is a slowly progressive disease characterized by the accumulation of non-purulent effusion in the middle ear cleft behind an intact tympanic membrane without signs and symptoms of acute infection. If it persists…
Acute Otitis Media (AOM) Acute otitis media AKA Acute Suppurative Otitis Media is an acute infection of the middle ear canal. Strictly, it is defined as the first 3 weeks of a process in which the middle ear shows signs…
Otitis Externa Otitis externa is infection (cellulitis) of the external auditory canal. It is classically associated with swimming. The most common cause is bacterial infection. The most common pathogen is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Diagnosis is clinical. Investigations for otitis externa are…
Overview Open fractures are common and have a high potential for morbidity and mortality. They are commonly associated with infection, osteomyelitis, compartment syndrome, and amputation. The tibia is the most commonly involved bone. Classification of Open Fractures The Gustilo-Anderson classification…